Table 1.
Characteristics of mothers (n = 6,078)
| Characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 29.8 (5.1) |
| Height, mean (SD), cm | 167.5 (7.4) |
| Weight before pregnancy, mean (SD), kg | 66.4 (12.7) |
| Body mass index, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 22.6 (20.7–25.4) |
| Parity, no. nulliparous (%) | 3,458 (57.4) |
| Education, no. higher education (%) | 2,538 (44.9) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| Dutch or European, no. (%) | 3,558 (61.0) |
| Surinamese, no. (%) | 503 (8.6) |
| Turkish, no. (%) | 472 (8.1) |
| Moroccan, no. (%) | 352 (6.0) |
| Cape Verdian or Dutch Antilles, no. (%) | 410 (7.1) |
| Smoking | |
| None, no. (%) | 3,712 (72.2) |
| Early-pregnancy only, no. (%) | 452 (8.8) |
| Continued, no. (%) | 974 (19.0) |
| Folic acid use, no. used (%) | 2,943 (47.4) |
| Pregestational diabetes mellitus, no. (%) | 0 (0) |
| Blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | |
| Early pregnancy | 115 (12.3)/68 (9.6) |
| Mid pregnancy | 116 (12.0)/67 (9.4) |
| Late pregnancy | 118 (12.0)/69 (9.4) |
| Mid pregnancy uterine artery resistance index, mean (SD) | 0.54 (0.09) |
| Late pregnancy uterine artery resistance index, mean (SD) | 0.49 (0.08) |
| Late pregnancy uterine artery notching, no. (%) | 312 (10.2) |
| Glucose, mean (SD), mmol/l | 4.4 (0.84) |
| Insulin, median (IQR), pmol/l | 115.1 (55.4–233.4) |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus, no. (%) | 64 (1.1) |
| Gestational hypertension, no. (%) | 203 (3.8) |
| Preeclampsia, no. (%) | 131 (2.4) |
| Birth characteristics | |
| Males, no. (%) | 3,076 (50.6) |
| Gestational age at delivery, median (IQR), weeks | 40.1 (39.1–41.0) |
| Preterm birth, no. (%) | 310 (5.1) |
| Birth weight, mean (SD), g | 3,417 (564) |
| Placenta weight, median (IQR), g | 610 (530–720) |
Values are observed data and represent means (SD), medians (IQR), or number of subjects (valid %). Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range.