Table 2.
Associations of maternal early-pregnancy glucose concentrations with mid and late pregnancy placental flow measures (n = 4,236)
| Maternal early-pregnancy glucose concentrations, mmol/l | Uterine artery | Umbilical artery | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance index (95% confidence interval) | Notching (95% confidence interval) | Pulsatility index (95% confidence interval) | |
| Mid pregnancy | |||
| Basic model | −0.00 (−0.02 to 0.02) | Not available | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.07) |
| Main model | −0.00 (−0.05 to 0.04) | Not available | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.07) |
| BMI model | −0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03) | Not available | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.06) |
| Late pregnancy | |||
| Basic model | −0.00 (−0.03 to 0.02) | 0.96 (0.84 to 1.09) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.01) |
| Main model | −0.00 (−0.05 to 0.04) | 0.95 (0.82 to 1.09) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) |
| BMI model | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.02) | 0.92 (0.79 to 1.08) | −0.02 (−0.07 to 0.02) |
Values are SDSs (95% CI) from linear regression models, reflecting differences in measures of uterine and umbilical artery flow measures, and OR (95% CI) reflecting difference in risk of late pregnancy uterine artery notching, per 1 mmol/l increase in maternal early-pregnancy non-fasting glucose concentrations. Estimates are from multiple imputed data. Basic model: adjusted for gestational age at glucose measurement. Main model: gestational age at glucose measurement, gestational age at ultrasound, maternal ethnicity, age, parity, educational level, smoking, and folic acid supplement use. BMI model: main model additionally adjusted for maternal prepregnancy BMI. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SDSs, standard deviation scores.