Table 1.
Preliminary ecological facilitators and barriers to self-care.
| Reference | Level | Barriers (−) and Facilitators (+) to Self-Care Practices | Type | Demographics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Practitioners | ||||
| (1) Bloomquist et al. (2016) | Structural | — | Sample | Practitioners |
| Relational | — | Size (n) | 786 | |
| Individual | +Greater post-MSW experience | Setting | United States | |
| + Emotional, Spiritual, and Professional Self-care, Compassion Satisfaction, Positive Perceptions of Self-Care, Professional Quality of Life | ||||
| −Burnout, Compassion Fatigue, Psychological self-care | ||||
| (2) Cuartero and Campos-Vidal (2019) | Structural | — | Sample | Practitioners |
| Relational | — | Size (n) | 270 | |
| Individual | + Compassion Satisfaction; −Compassion Fatigue | Setting | Spain | |
| (3) Loeffler et al. (2018) | Structural | + Identifying as White, Female, Greater Financial Stability, For Profit Employers (vs. non-Profit), Working in Micro or Meso (in comparison with Macro level practice) | Size (n) | 348 |
| Relational | +Married | Setting | Rural United States | |
| Individual | +Older | Sample | Practitioners | |
| −Self-Reported Health, Greater Number of Hours Worked | ||||
| (4) Miller, Barnhart, et al. (2021) | Structural | +ldentifying as Heterosexual and Greater Financial Stability | Sample | Practitioners |
| Relational | +Married | Size (n) | 1,568 | |
| Individual | + Self-Reported Physical and Mental Health, and Engagement in Self-Care Predicted Lower COVID-19 Related Distress | Setting | SE United States | |
| (5) Miller, Donohue Dioh, et al. (2019) | Structural | + Greater Financial Stability and Belonging to Professional Organization | Sample | Practitioners |
| Relational | +Married | Size (n) | 623 | |
| Individual | + Greater Self-Reported Health | Setting | United States | |
| (6) Miller, Donohue Dioh, Larkin, et al. (2018) | Structural | + Identifying as White, Female, Greater Financial Stability, For Profit Employers (vs. non-Profit), Working in Micro or Meso (in comparison with Macro level practice) | Sample | Practitioners |
| Relational | +Married | Size (n) | 222 | |
| Individual | +Older-Self-Reported Health, Greater Number of Hours Worked, | Setting | SE United States | |
| (7) Miller, Grise-Owens, et al. (2020) | Structural | +ldentifying as White, Greater Financial Stability, and Licensed, Supervised others, Belonging to Professional Organization, Residing in Eastern South Central (−Western North Central Scored lowest), Working in Micro or Meso (in comparison with Macro level practice) | Sample | Practitioners |
| Relational | +Married | Size (n) | 2,934 | |
| Individual | +Older and Greater Experience, Educational Attainment, Self-Reported Health | Setting | United States | |
| (8) Miller, Lee, et al. (2019) | Structural | — | Sample | Practitioners |
| Relational | — | Size (n) | 831 | |
| Individual | +Older and Greater Experience, Belonging to Professional Organization, Self-Reported Health, Reported More Self-Compassion | Setting | Southeastern United States | |
| (9) Miller et al. (2017) | Structural | +Greater Financial Stability and Licensed | Sample | Practitioners |
| Relational | — | Size (n) | 138 | |
| Individual | +Greater Self-Reported Health | Setting | United States | |
| (10) Miller, Poklembova, et al. (2020) | Structural | −Greater Number of Hours Worked | Sample | Practitioners |
| Relational | — | Size (n) | 138 | |
| Individual | +Greater Self-Reported Health | Setting | Slovakia | |
| (11) Miller, Poklembova, et al. (2021) | Structural | +Greater Educational Attainment | Sample | Practitioners |
| Relational | — | Size (n) | 250 | |
| Individual | +Greater Self-Reported Health | Setting | Poland | |
| (12) Miller and Reddin Cassar (2021) | Structural | +Greater Financial Stability and Licensed | Sample | Practitioners |
| Relational | +Married | Size (n) | 2,460 | |
| Individual | +Greater Self-Reported Health and Working In-Person | Setting | Southeastern United States | |
| (13) Salloum et al. (2019) | Structural | — | Sample | Child Welfare Practitioners |
| Relational | — | Size (n) | 177 | |
| Individual | −Self-care practices, burnout, secondary trauma, and less years of experience associated with impaired mental health symptoms. | Setting | United States | |
| (14) Salloum et al. (2015) | Structural | — | Sample | Practitioners |
| Relational | — | Size (n) | 107 | |
| Individual | −Self-care practices predicted lower burnout and higher compassion satisfaction but not secondary trauma. | Setting | United States | |
| (15) Xu et al. (2019) | Structural | +Masters/Doctoral Students (−Bachelors) for Burnout and Compassion Satisfaction | Sample | Practitioners |
| −Self-Care Barriers risk for Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress but not Compassion Satisfaction | ||||
| Relational | — | Size (n) | 61 | |
| Individual | +Self-Care Practices inversely related to Burnout but not associated with Secondary Traumatic Stress or Compassion Satisfaction | Setting | United States | |
| Students | ||||
| (1) Diebold et al. (2018) | Structural | −Institutional Supports, Demands, and Expectations | Sample | Students |
| Relational | — | Size (n) | 209 | |
| Individual | +Holistic, Balance-Limited time and competing expectations and responsibilities | Setting | United States | |
| (2) Newcomb et al. (2017) | Structural | −Lack of Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills on Self-Care | Sample | Students |
| Relational | −Experiencing Adverse Childhood Experiences | Size (n) | 20 | |
| Individual | — | Setting | Australia | |
| (3) O’Neill et al. (2019) | Structural | — | Sample | Students |
| Relational | — | Size (n) | 90 | |
| Individual | +Daily (not weekly or monthly) Self-Care Practices Predicted Lower Academic Stress | Setting | United States | |
| Educators | ||||
| (1) Miller, Donohue Dioh, Larkin, et al. (2018) | Structural | +For Profit Employers (vs. non-Profit), Licensed | Sample | Educators |
| Relational | — | Size (n) | 127 | |
| Individual | — | Setting | United States | |
| (2) Miller, Grise-Owens, et al. (2018) | Structural | +Greater Academic Rank, Licensure Status, and Experience | Sample | Educators |
| Relational | — | Size (n) | 124 | |
| Individual | — | Setting | SE United States | |
| (3) Myers et al. (2022) | Structural | +Positive and Healthy Activities and Flexible Schedules, −Workload | Sample | Educators |
| Relational | +Supervision, Collegial Relationships, Family, Social Support | Size (n) | 81 | |
| −Role Overload Across Professional, Interpersonal, and Familial Relations | ||||
| Individual | — | Setting | United States |
+ indicates potential facilitating and − indicates barriers for self-care practices. — indicates no outcomes were present.