Table 1. List of eligible interventions.
| Non-pharmacological interventions | |
|---|---|
| CBT-I | In-person CBT-I |
| Online CBT-I | |
| Group CBT-I | |
| Digital CBT-I | |
| Self-help CBT-I | |
| ACT-I | |
| MBCT-I | |
| Alternative | Acupuncture a |
| treatments | Aromatherapy a |
| Biofeedback a | |
| Massage a | |
| Meditative practices a c | |
| Mind-body practices a d | |
| Physical exercises a | |
| Pharmacological interventions | |
| BZD agonists | Zolpidem |
| Zopiclone | |
| Eszopiclone | |
| BZD b | Bromazepam |
| Diazepam | |
| Clonazepam | |
| Alprazolam | |
| Midazolam | |
| Flunitrazepam | |
| Estazolam | |
| Flurazepam | |
| DORA | Suvorexant |
| Lemborexant | |
| Daridorexant | |
| Antidepressants | Trazodone |
| Doxepin | |
| Mirtazapine | |
| Amitriptyline | |
| Agomelatine | |
| Melatonin | |
| Melatoninergic agonist | Ramelteon |
| Anticonvulsants | Gabapentin |
| Pregabalin | |
| Antipsychotics | Quetiapine |
| Olanzapine | |
| Clozapine | |
| Periciazine | |
| Levomepromazine | |
| Chlorpromazine | |
| Others | Diphenhydramine |
| Promethazine | |
| Hydroxyzine | |
| Dimenhydrinate | |
| GABA | |
| Tryptophan | |
| Phytotherapeutics | Valeriana officinalis |
| Passiflora incarnata | |
| Matricaria recutita a | |
| Withania somnifera a | |
| Erythrina mulungu | |
| Cannabinoids | Cannabis sativa |
| Cannabidiol | |
| Delta-9-THC | |
Abbreviations: ACT-I: Acceptance and commitment therapy applied to insomnia. BZD: Benzodiazepines. DORA: Dual orexin receptor antagonists. GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid. MBCT-I: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy applied to insomnia. CBT-I: cognitive-behavioral therapy applied to insomnia. THC: Tetrahydrocannabinol.
a
Interventions not included in the systematic reviews.
b
Recommendations voted in group for the whole class, instead of individually for each intervention.
c
Encompassing meditation and vipassana.
d
Encompassing qigong, tai chi, and yoga.