Table 5. Level of evidence and recommendations of non-pharmacological treatments of insomnia.
| Sleep-onset insomnia | Maintenance insomnia and early waking | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | Intervention | Level of evidence | Recommendation | Consensus rate | Voting rounds | Recommendation | Consensus rate | Voting rounds |
| CBT-I | In-person CBT-I | 1 | Recommended | 100.0% | 1 | Recommended | 100.0% | 1 |
| Online CBT-I | 2 | Recommended | 100.0% | 1 | Recommended | 100.0% | 1 | |
| Group CBT-I | 1 | Recommended | 96.9% | 1 | Recommended | 96.9% | 1 | |
| Digital CBT-I | 1 | Recommended | 78.1% | 1 | Recommended | 78.1% | 1 | |
| Self-help CBT-I | 3 | No consensus | 2 | No consensus | 2 | |||
| ACT-I | 2 | Recommended | 87.5% | 1 | Recommended | 84.4% | 1 | |
| MBCT-I | 2 | Recommended | 87.5% | 1 | Recommended | 81.3% | 1 | |
| Alternative | Acupuncture a | N/A | NOT Recommended | 80.7% | 2 | NOT Recommended | 77.4% | 2 |
| treatments | Aromatherapy a | N/A | NOT Recommended | 80.7% | 2 | NOT Recommended | 78.1% | 1 |
| Biofeedback a | N/A | No consensus | 2 | No consensus | 2 | |||
| Massage a | N/A | No consensus | 2 | No consensus | 2 | |||
| Meditative practices a b | N/A | No consensus | 2 | No consensus | 2 | |||
| Mind-body practices a c | N/A | No consensus | 2 | No consensus | 2 | |||
| Physical exercises a | N/A | No consensus | 2 | No consensus | 2 | |||
Abbreviations: ACT-I, Acceptance and commitment therapy applied to insomnia; CBT-I, Cognitive-behavioral therapy applied to insomnia; MBCT-I, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy applied to insomnia; N/A, Not applicable.
a
Interventions not included in the systematic reviews.
b
Includes meditation and vipassana.
c
Includes qigong, tai-chi, and yoga.