Fig. 3.

Cancer cell proliferation: a the network of forces interacting at a cell i is governed by Hooke’s Law, see Eq. 4; b Hooke’s law models the motion of connected springs as they are extended and compressed and captures how these springs return to a rest state or equilibrium. In the VCBM, we model cell movement using such forces; c (upper) the orange cell represents the newly proliferated cell with the blue cell being the original proliferating cell, (lower) the green cell represents to an invading tumour cell that has taken the place of a healthy cell (colour figure online)