TABLE 6.
The content of vitamins in different morphological organs of M. oleifera plant.
| Metabolites | Raw material | Content | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A | Fresh leaves | 11 300—23 000 IU per 100 g fresh weight | Ahmed et al. (2016) |
| Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | 0.01–0.06 mg/100 g | ||
| Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) | 0.05–0.17 mg/100 g | ||
| Vitamin B3 (niacin) | 0.8–0.82 mg/100 g | ||
| 66.66–143.567 mg/100 g | Mhdawi (2022) | ||
| 271 mg/100 g | Saini et al. (2014) | ||
| Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) | Mature leaves | 51.226–140.157 mg/100 g | Mhdawi (2022) |
| Flowers | 77.50–224.672 mg/100 g | ||
| Mature flowers | 2.3%–9.8% | Taiwo Olagbemide and Alikwe (2015) | |
| Pods | 3.96–8.27 mg/100g | Mhdawi (2022) | |
| Freeze-dried leaves (Nikaragua) | 0.92 mg/100 g | Dhakad et al. (2019) | |
| Freeze-dried leaves (Indie) | 0.84 mg/100 g | ||
| Freeze-dried leaves (Niger) | 0.68 mg/100 g | ||
| Freeze-dried leaves | 1,325.6 mg/100 g | Saini et al. (2014) | |
| Tray dried leaves (indoor) | 590.8 mg/100 g | ||
| Microwave dried leaves | 872.9 mg/100 g | ||
| Oven dried leaves | 545 mg/100 g | ||
| Leaves dried in the sun | 510 mg/100 g | ||
| Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) | Fresh leaves | Około 9.0 mg/100 g | Ahmed et al. (2016) |
| Dried leaves | 74.45–112.16 mg/100 g | ||
| β-Carotene | Fresh leaves | 6.6–6.8 mg/100g | Joshi and Mehta (2010) |
| Dried leaves | 17.6–39.6 mg/100g | Zhang (2011) | |
| Freeze-dried leaves | Około 66 mg/100 g | Moyo et al. (2011) | |
| α-Tocopherol | Fresh leaves | 36.94 mg/100 g | Saini et al. (2014) |
| Freeze-dried leaves | 160.2 mg/100 g | ||
| Tray dried leaves (indoor) | 156.2 mg/100 g | ||
| Microwave dried leaves | 135.5 mg/100 g | ||
| Oven dried leaves | 159.6 mg/100 g | ||
| Leaves dried in the sun | 112.3 mg/100 g | ||
| α-Tocopherol | Seed oil (wild variety, Pakistan) | 140.5 mg/100 g | Ijarotimi et al. (2013) |
| Seed oil (cultivated variety, Pakistan) | 134.42 mg/100 g | ||
| Seed oil (cultivated variety, India) | 15.38 mg/100 g | ||
| Seed oil (cultivated variety, Kenia) | 98.82 mg/100 g | ||
| Seed oil (cultivated variety, Malawi) | 131.03 mg/100 g | ||
| γ-Tocopherol | Seed oil (wild variety, Pakistan) | 63.18 mg/100 g | |
| Seed oil (cultivated variety, Pakistan) | 93.70 mg/100 g | ||
| Seed oil (cultivated variety, India) | 4.47 mg/100 g | ||
| Seed oil (cultivated variety, Kenia) | 27.9 mg/100 g | ||
| Seed oil (cultivated variety, Malawi) | 70.43 mg/100 g | ||
| δ-Tocopherol | Seed oil (wild variety, Pakistan) | 61.70 mg/100 g | |
| Seed oil (cultivated variety, Pakistan) | 48 mg/100 g | ||
| Seed oil (cultivated variety, India) | 15.51 mg/100 g | ||
| Seed oil (cultivated variety, Kenia) | 71.16 mg/100 g | ||
| Seed oil (cultivated variety, Malawi) | 53.98 mg/100 g | ||
| trans-Luteoxin | Fresh leaves | 5.2 mg/100 g | Saini et al. (2014) |
| Freeze-dried leaves | 18.05 mg/100 g | ||
| Tray dried leaves (indoor) | 17.22 mg/100 g | ||
| Microwave dried leaves | 13 mg/100 g | ||
| Oven dried leaves | 18.03 mg/100 g | ||
| Leaves dried in the sun | 13.22 mg/100 g | ||
| 13-cis-Lutein | Fresh leaves | 2.31 mg/100 g | |
| Freeze-dried leaves | 6.45 mg/100 g | ||
| Tray dried leaves (indoor) | 10.76 mg/100 g | ||
| Microwave dried leaves | 4.74 mg/100 g | ||
| Oven dried leaves | 9.42 mg/100 g | ||
| Leaves dried in the sun | 9.81 mg/100 g | ||
| trans-Lutein | Fresh leaves | 36.88 mg/100 g | |
| Freeze-dried leaves | 94.63 mg/100 g | ||
| Tray dried leaves (indoor) | 87.94 mg/100 g | ||
| Microwave dried leaves | 63.19 mg/100 g | ||
| Oven dried leaves | 81.61 mg/100 g | ||
| Leaves dried in the sun | 80.77 mg/100 g | ||
| trans-Zeaxanthin | Fresh leaves | 5.46 mg/100 g | |
| Freeze-dried leaves | 3.7 mg/100 g | ||
| Tray dried leaves (indoor) | 5.42 mg/100 g | ||
| Microwave dried leaves | 16.82 mg/100 g | ||
| Oven dried leaves | 8.31 mg/100 g | ||
| Leaves dried in the sun | 22.55 mg/100 g | ||
| 15-cis-β-Carotene | Fresh leaves | 0.69 mg/100 g | |
| Freeze-dried leaves | 3.53 mg/100 g | ||
| Tray dried leaves (indoor) | 3.27 mg/100 g | ||
| Microwave dried leaves | 2.5 mg/100 g | ||
| Oven dried leaves | 4.47 mg/100 g | ||
| Leaves dried in the sun | 2.31 mg/100 g | ||
| trans-β-Carotene | Fresh leaves | 18.27 mg/100 g | |
| Freeze-dried leaves | 82.13 mg/100 g | ||
| Tray dried leaves (indoor) | 82.33 mg/100 g | ||
| Microwave dried leaves | 65.92 mg/100 g | ||
| Oven dried leaves | 77.79 mg/100 g | ||
| Leaves dried in the sun | 54.42 mg/100 g | ||
| Total carotenoid content | Fresh leaves | 68.81 mg/100 g | |
| Freeze-dried leaves | 208.49 mg/100 g | ||
| Tray dried leaves (indoor) | 206.94 mg/100 g | ||
| Microwave dried leaves | 164.68 mg/100 g | ||
| Oven dried leaves | 199.63 mg/100 g | ||
| Leaves dried in the sun | 183.08 mg/100 g |