Table 1.
Demographics and performance in the mathematical cognition battery (MCB)
| Performance in the mathematical cognition battery | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | Deficits in mathematics | ||||||||
| Subtests of the DSB | TD (n = 18) | Dysl_notM (n = 25) | Number (n = 10) | Arithmetical procedures (n = 15) | Arithmetic facts retrieval (n = 15) | Geometrical abilities (n = 7) | Omnibus Sig (F,p) | *Adj model (F,p) | Omega-Sq (MR, group) |
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Sex (M:F) | 11:7 | 19:6 | 4:6 | 9:6 | 12:3 | 4:3 | 0.3 | n/a | n/a |
| Handness (R:L) | 16:2 | 23:2 | 9:1 | 14:1 | 14:1 | 7:0 | 0.963 | n/a | n/a |
| Other diagnoses (dyslexia: dyslexia and suspected ADHD) | 0:0 | 19:6 | 6:5 | 9:6 | 7:8 | 6:1 | 0.288 | n/a | n/a |
| Age at math testing (y) | 10.45 (1.63) | 11:69 (2.01) | 11.68 (2.47) | 11.73 (2.49) | 12.07 (1.95) | 11.97 (1.74) | 0.263 | n/a | n/a |
| Age difference (math-neuropsych) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.39 (0.87) | 0.38 (0.73) | 0.30 (0.64) | 0.26 (0.55) | 1.20 (1.43) | 0.118 | n/a | n/a |
| Numbers | |||||||||
| Writing numbers in digit (performance in %) | 95.56 (7.04)c | 95.6 (8.2)c | 60 (16.32)* | 92.67 (10.32)c | 96 (7.37)c | 92.86 (11.1)c | 23.42, <0.00001 | 16.05, <0.00001 | (0.065, 0.437) |
| Spelling number in letters (performance in %) | 97.78 (4.27)c | 93.6 (9.52)c | 67 (24.9)* | 89.33 (13.35)c | 98.67 (3.52)c | 98.57 (3.78)c | 12.37, <0.00001 | 10.52, <0.00001 | (0.023, 0.340) |
| Sequences (performance in %) | 96.30 (9.13)c,d | 85.33 (23.23)c,d | 30 (29.2)a,b,e,f | 51.11 (27.07)a,b,e,f | 85.56 (10.67)c,d | 85.71 (11.5)c,d | 20.37, <0.00001 | 16.38, <0.00001 | (0.107, 0.334) |
| Ordering (performance in %) | 94 (13.4)c,d | 87.69 (18.33)c,d | 47.33 (19.8)* | 70.04 (19.38)a,b,c | 79.2 (15.9)c | 74 (18.82)c | 11.39, <0.00001 | 6.41, <0.00001 | (−0.014, 0.223) |
| ANS digit (performance in %) | 95 (6)* | 82 (12)a,c | 69 (19)a,b | 75 (13)a | 81 (8)a | 75 (10)a | 7.73, <0.00001 | 4.82, 0.0004 | (0.012, 0.142) |
| ANS dots (performance in %) | 81 (11)f | 72 (12) | 68 (14) | 69 (11) | 71 (12) | 64 (10)a | 2.86, <0.02 n.s. | 2.90, 0.015, n.s. | (−0.003, 0.111) |
| Arithmetical procedures | |||||||||
| Additions (performance in %) | 98.33 (2.42)c | 98.55 (2.78)c,d | 86.13 (9.25)* | 92.92 (8.6)b,c,e | 98.67 (2.22)c,d | 96.96 (4.07)c | 11.05, <0.00001 | 9.75, <0.00001 | (0.155, 0.105) |
| Subtractions (performance in %) | 97.36 (4.04)c,d | 96.2 (4.91)c,d | 65.13 (20.09)* | 80.5 (15.55)* | 93.67 (8.95)c,d | 95.36 (5.08)c,d | 18.13, <0.00001 | 12.30, <0.00001 | (0.057, 0.275) |
| Written calculation (performance in %) | 88.19 (13.7)c,d | 77.5 (22.46)c,d | 31.88 (19.64)a,b,e,f | 44.58 (27.53)a,b,e,f | 68.33 (20.92)c,d | 83.04 (12.87)c,d | 14.93, <0.00001 | 9.73, <0.00001 | (0.012, 0.273) |
| Time additions (time in seconds) | 53.5 (25.54)c,d | 80.08 (36.31)c,d | 149.3 (59.93)a,b,f | 151.47 (84.84)a,b,e,f | 95.8 (35.63)d | 65.29 (25.39)c,d | 10.21, <0.00001 | 9.84, <0.00001 | (0.093, 0.200) |
| Time subtractions (time in seconds) | 66.78 (32.58)c,d,e | 112.48 (66.85)d | 183.1 (64.4)a | 192.4 (99.6)a,b,f | 142.06 (50.55)a | 100.57 (41.93)d | 8.42, <0.00001 | 5.27, 0.0002 | (0.026, 0.134) |
| Time written calculation (time in seconds) | 112 (61.46)e | 210.88 (101.17) | 171.1 (94.77) | 216.13 (189.47) | 300.8 (147.6)a | 232.57 (101.71) | 4.17, 0.002 | 3.49, 0.004 n.s. | (0.111, 0.092) |
| Arithmetic facts retrieval | |||||||||
| Multiplications (performance in %) | 89.65 (25.1)c | 85.48 (27.54)c | 35.24 (34.16)* | 66.90 (25.55)c | 82.30 (9.07)c | 96.77 (5.78)c | 8.99, <0.00001 | 15.45, <0.00001 | (0.246, 0.214) |
| Time multiplications (time in seconds) | 43.71 (30.14)d,e | 71.35 (33.41)e | 57.88 (27.56)e | 110.29 (69.26)a | 142.47 (73.95)a,b,c | 77.71 (46.65) | 7.78, <0.00001 | 5.02, 0.0003 | (−0.013, 0.268) |
| Geometrical abilities | |||||||||
| Geometrical test (performance in %) | 82.69 (8.06)c,d,f | 81.11 (9.03)c,d,f | 61.60 (10.9)a,b,e | 66.75 (15.24)a,b,e | 82.28 (8.04)c,d,f | 63.60 (5.5)a,b,e | 12.75, <0.00001 | 16.11, <0.00001 | (0.240, 0.269) |
| 2D models (performance in %) | 86.11 (11.25) | 85.5 (13.82) | 71.25 (17.72) | 74.17 (20.84) | 84.17 (15.28) | 71.43 (13.91) | 2.86, 0.02 n.s. | 4.36, 0.0009 | (0.166, −0.028) |
| 3D models (performance in %) | 88.89 (14) | 95.33 (7.63)c,f | 76.67 (23.83)b | 84.44 (13.31) | 84.44 (13.31) | 76.19 (16.26)b | 3.98, 0.0028 | 4.95, 0.0003 | (0.067, 0.090) |
A table showing the subtests that were used to distinguish the groups of mathematical deficit. *diff from everyone; a = diff from typically developing (TD) children; b = diff from children with dyslexia not affecting mathematical abilities (Dysl_notM); c = diff from the group with deficits in number; d = diff from the group with deficit in arithmetical procedures; e = diff from the group with deficit in arithmetic fact retrieval; f = diff from group with deficit in geometrical abilities. Adj Model is corrected for nonverbal (Matrix Reasoning) reasoning scores. Effect sizes are provided based on the more conservative adjusted model (Matrix Reasoning, group). All p values were Bonferroni-corrected for multiple comparisons (p < 0.003). All post hoc pairwise comparison p values were Bonferroni-corrected for multiple comparisons (p < 0.01).