Table 2.

The effect of NFFCCM on healthcare utilization by the complexity of NFFCCM.

	Any NFFCCM vs non- NFFCCM	Any complex NFFCCM vs non-NFFCCM	Non-complex NFFCCM only vs non-NFFCCM
All-cause utilization (visits per month)
Outpatient	0.657***	0.845***	0.636***
	[0.626,0.687]	[0.811,0.879]	[0.605,0.666]
	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Inpatient	−0.005***	−0.006***	−0.005***
	[−0.007,−0.002]	[−0.009,−0.003]	[−0.007,−0.002]
	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
ED	−0.004**	0.013***	−0.005***
	[−0.007,−0.001]	[0.009,0.017]	[−0.008,−0.003]
	0.005	<0.001	<0.001
Any inpatient admissions or ED visits related to
CHD	0.002	0.048***	−0.003
	[−0.007,0.010]	[0.038,0.059]	[−0.011,0.006]
	0.729	<0.001	0.514
Stroke	0.005*	−0.001	0.006*
	[0.001,0.010]	[−0.006,0.004]	[0.001,0.010]
	0.021	0.709	0.013
MACE	0.002	0.047***	−0.003
	[−0.007,0.010]	[0.037,0.058]	[−0.012,0.006]
	0.740	<0.001	0.523
N treatment	1,668	166	1,502
N control	20,574	19,372	20,618
N total	22,242	19,538	22,120

Notes: NFFCCM: non-face-to-face chronic care management. ED: emergency department. CHD: coronary heart disease. MACE: major adversed cardiovascular disease. Non-complex NFFCCM: identified using the CPT code of 99490. Complex NFFCCM: identified using the CPT codes of 99487 and 99489. For each outcome, the coefficient is listed and followed with its 95% confidence interval and p value. * p< 0.05, ** p< 0.01, *** p< 0.001.