| Liquid
metallurgy route |
Melt gas injection |
closed |
75–97 |
Compressive,
energy absorption, morphological investigation |
(55, 58−60) |
| |
Blowing agent |
closed |
68–85 |
Compressive stress and
strain at a dynamic strain rate |
(42, 65, 71) |
| |
Dissolved gases (solid gas eutectic solidification-GASAR) |
lotus |
8.5–60 |
Micro Vickers hardness |
(73, 77−79) |
| |
Space holder (infiltration method) |
open |
54–85 |
Energy
absorption, compressive strength, young modulus |
(83,91, 99) |
| |
Foam replication (investment casting) |
open |
80–97 |
Sound absorption, strain hardening, energy absorption,
yield
strength |
(100, 103, 104) |
| Powder
metallurgy route |
Blowing agent |
closed |
15.1–44.5 |
Compressive strength, elastic modulus, relative density |
(110, 112) |
| |
Space holder |
open |
40–92 |
Compressive
yield strength and modulus of elasticity |
(116, 120, 121) |
| |
Gas entrapment technique |
Closed/partially open |
<50 |
Creep
expansion via eddy currents |
(124, 126, 127) |
| |
Foaming of slurries |
Closed/partially open |
60–91 |
Tensile & compression test, thermal conductivity |
(130, 131, 134) |
| |
Loose powder sintering |
Open |
30–37.5 |
Young Modulus, yield strength |
(137) |
| |
Additive manufacturing |
Open |
49–74 |
Compressive
strength, controllable morphology |
(139) |
| Deposition route |
Metal vapor |
Open |
70–98 |
Young
modulus, shear modulus, energy absorption, thermal conductivity |
(141, 145) |
| Electrochemical deposition route |
Metal ion solution |
Open |
92–95 |
Specific capacitance value, Impedance |
(45, 150−153) |
