Table 3.

Case reports for which the PWS genetic subtype is not available

Cases reports Without genetic subtype	gender	Age at onset Type of onset	Symptoms related to psychosis	Other symptoms	Outcome	Medication	Diagnosis
Sweeney et al. [47]	M	24	Agitation, paranoia then catatonia	Diabetes, hypotension, tachycardia		Lorazepam, bromocriptine and topiramate	Catatonia Following Cessation of Topiramate
Zwiebel et al. [48]	F	24	Catatonia	Hyponatremia hypoglyceamia	Remission of catatonia and return to baseline	lorazepam	Catatonia caused by oxcarbazepine withdrawal
Jacob et al. [49]	M	24	Pressure of speech, tangentiality, religious grandiose ideas, persecutory delusions, with ideas of reference congruent auditory hallucinations		Became more settled and mood became euthymic	Risperidone Semisodium valproate (mood stabilizer)	manic episode with psychotic symptoms bipolar affective disorder
	F	28	Agitation, verbal and physical violence, withdrawn, auditory hallucination	Wetting bed	Dramatic improvement on risperidone but developed hyperprolactinemia. Responded well to quietiapine	Fluoxetine (antidepressant) Risperidone, then quetiapine	Psychotic illness
	M	31	Low mood, delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate behaviour		First episode responded well after 3 weeks of treatment	Citalopram (antidepressant), Risperidone, Mirtazapine
Verhoeven et al. [35], Verhoeven et al. [33] Verhoeven et al. [20]	M	Within 2 weeks	Hallucinations, perceptual disturbances Emotional turmoil, anxieties, confusion Mood swings, Sleep disturbance		Psychotic symptoms disappeared after 4 weeks, improved behaviour, increased concentration, and social skills. Marked effect of treatment	Lithium Haloperidol 2–4 mg	acute polymorphic psychotic disorder
	M	16 Within 2 weeks	Visual and auditory hallucinations, perceptual disturbances Paranoid ideations, confusion, psychomotor agitation Emotional turmoil, mood swings, anxieties, sleep disturbance		Disappearance of all psychotic symptoms within a few weeks. Stabilization of motor activity, sleep rhythm, and mood levels. At follow-up 9 months later, functioning at pre-morbid level	Lithium Haloperidol 3.5 mg	Previous diagnosis: bipolar disorder; Transient psychotic disorder Last diagnosis: acute polymorphic psychotic disorder
	F	Subacute onset	Hallucinations; perceptual disturbances paranoid ideation Emotional turmoil; Mood swings, anxieties; confusion Hyperactivity, Increased obsessive rituals		Marked improvement	Valproic acid	Cycloid psychosis
	M	Subacute onset	Hallucinations; paranoid ideation, Emotional turmoil; Mood swings, anxieties; confusion Hyperactivity, Increased obsessive rituals		Marked improvement	Valproic acid	Cycloid psychosis
	M	Subacute onset	Hallucinations; paranoid ideation, Emotional turmoil; Mood swings, anxieties; confusion Hyperactivity, Increased obsessive rituals		Marked improvement	Valproic acid	Cycloid psychosis
	F	Subacute onset	Anxieties Hyperactivity, Mood swings, Increased obsessive rituals, Paranoid ideation	ACTH deficiency, narcolepsy		Valproic acid	Cycloid psychosis
	M	Subacute onset	Hallucinations; perceptual disturbances paranoid ideation, Emotional turmoil; Mood swings, anxieties; confusion Hyperactivity, Increased obsessive rituals		Marked improvement	Valproic acid Haloperidol 2 mg	Previous diagnosis: paranoid psychosis Last: cycloid psychosis
Beardsmore et al. [16]*	F	29					Depressive episode with psychotic symptoms
	M	27					Schizophrenia or delusional disorder
Clarke [17]*	F	21	Hallucinations, reduced appetite, anxiety			Paroxetine Trifluoperazine	Cycloid psychosis
	F	16	Auditory hallucinations, anxiety, agitation, aggressive behaviour Refuse drinks and food, social withdrawal, sleep disturbance		Good recovery between episodes	Haloperidol	Cycloid psychosis
Takhar and Malla [50]		Mid 30 s	Delusions, hallucinations, confusion Moderate disorganization in thinking	Multiple gastro-intestinal problems, urinary infections and incontinence, hepatitis, hiatal hernia, hypothyroidism	Fluphenazine during 15 years induced a parkinsonian syndrome. Clozapine prescribed instead	Fluphenazine then Clozapine
Tyndall and Fitzpatrick [51]	F	15, acute	Possible paranoid delusions and visual hallucinations developmental regression, tearfulness, agitation, sleep disturbance		Rapid and complete remission	No response to amitriptyline. Oral Flupenthixol
Clarke et al. [10]	F	20	Increasingly suspicious, auditory hallucination probable		Return to premorbid behaviour	Flupenthixol	Delusional disorder
Bartolucci and Younger [52]	F	22, Sudden	1st episode: uncommunicative, Anxiety, Insomnia 2nd episode: refuse to eat and drink Possible auditory and visual hallucination		Completely resolved first episode 8 years later new episode No lasting improvement	1st episode: chlorpromazine 2nd episode: tricyclic anti-depressant, fluoxetine with improvement. Lithium with no change. Lorazepam and chlorpromazine, haloperidol, disodium valproate buspirone
	M	13	Auditory hallucination
	M	21	Auditory and visual hallucinations
	M	22
	M	27	Auditory and visual hallucination
	F	28
	F	30
	M	30
	F	33	Possible auditory and visual hallucinations
	M	34
Bray et al. [14]			Severe withdrawal from interpersonal interaction, regressive behaviour		Spontaneous remission

First patient was non-deletion, second had a clinical diagnosis

**In cases 1 to 9, 7 had a deletion and 2 individuals had only a clinical diagnosis of PWS