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. 2024 Feb 15;17:26. doi: 10.1186/s13068-023-02409-w

Table 3.

Cultivation of microalgae–bacteria consortium by waste gas–waste water to fix CO2 and remove nutrients

Microorganisms Wastewater and gas RCO2 RN RP RCOD Biomass Rpol References
Tetradesmus obliquus PF3 and bacteria in sewage

0.038% CO2

10% CO2

 551 mg CO2·L−1·d−1

93 ± 3

81 ± 1

99

95

90 ± 3

65 ± 2

1.8 g·L−1

0.9 g·L−1

 – [45]
Spongiochloris sp. and Hydrocabonoclastic

Petroleum wastewater

0.038% CO2

2921

mg·L−1·d−1

 – – 97 1.5 ± 0.3 g·L−1·d−1 – [43]
Microalgae (four strains) and aerobic activated sludge

Primary treated sewage

Flue gas (12% CO2, 289 ppmv NO, 197 ppmv SO2)

 4.7–18.4 mg CO2·L−1·d−1 – – – 0.153–0.181 g·L−1·d−1

87% for NOx;

99% for SO2

 [44]

Chlorella vulgaris (FACHB-8) and

Endophytic bacteria S395-1 and S395-2

Biogas slurry

Biogas (62.17 ± 2.44% CH4, 34.21 ± 1.29% CO2, 0.54 ± 0.03% O2, 3.07 ± 0.21% H2O)

 68.13% ± 1.69% 88.31 ± 4.19 88.21 ± 4.51 88.29 ± 5.03

50–250

μg·L−1

 – [46]
Microalgae and algae and bacteria (including Scenedesmus spp., Cyanobacteria) isolated from wastewater

Wastewater

Air and CO2 (99%)

 –  ~ 99  ~ 99 – 94.3 ± 7.9 mg·L−1·d−1 – [52]
Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Native bacterial microbial Municipal wastewater and landfill leachate treatment 65.8 mg·L−1·d−1 – – – 1.58 g·L−1 – [53]
Chlorella PY-ZU1 and bacteria (from anaerobic digestion effluent)

Undiluted anaerobic digestion effluent of swine manure

15% v/v CO2

 – 73%a 95% 79%

4.81 g·L−1

601.2 mg·L−1·d−1

 35.7–90.0% for Heavy metals [54]

Chlorella vulgaris

Chlorella vulgaris and Ganoderma lucidum

Chlorella vulgaris and Activated sludge

Biogas slurry

Biogas (25.27%, 35.08%, 45.36%, 55.17% CO2)

68.37

79.11

79.06

69.12

85.69

84.17

66.36

86.17

83.79

68.71

86.08

84.28

0.174

0.431

0.429

g·L−1·d−1

 – [55]

Chlorella sp. and

Cupriavidus necator

 Culture medium (with phenol); 1% CO2 – – – – 0.45–0.50 g/L 100% for phenol [56]
Spirulina platensis and H2S-oxidizing bacterial consortium and Activated sludge

Mineral salt medium;

30% CO2, 69.5–70% N2, 0–5000 ppmv

 95% – – – 1.2 g·L−1 100% for H2S [57]
Chlorella sp. and aerobic sludge

Mineral salt medium;

Biogas

 285 mg CO2·L−1·d−1 – – – –  > 98% for H2S [48]

Tree bark consortium;

Eukaryotic;

Scenedesmus quadricauda

 Aquaculture effluent: Biogas digestate = 90: 10 52.958% 87.227 100b 12.292c 1.46 g/L – [58]
40.497% 61.346 73.154b 18.455c 0.86 g/L –
39.097% 78.693 75.391b − 14.889c 0.86 g/L –

Tree bark consortium;

Eukaryotic;

Scenedesmus quadricauda

 Aquaculture effluent: Biogas digestate = 75: 25 90.714% 56.627 21.543b − 3.473c 0.74 g/L –
85.809% 83.205 54.126b − 8.980c 0.29 g/L –
89.504% 52.037 1.393b − 11.366c 0.19 g/L –

Tree bark consortium;

Lake water consortium;

Pre-adapted tree bark consortium

 Aquaculture effluent: Biogas digestate = 95: 5 55.125% 91.287 100b − 6.076c 1.10 g/L –
46.293% 87.626 100b − 52.733c 1.05 g/L –
55.760% 90.574 100b − 26.791c 1.15 g/L –

Tree bark consortium;

Lake water consortium;

Pre-adapted tree bark consortium

 Aquaculture effluent: Biogas digestate = 90: 10 80.446% 77.987 100b 25.207c 1.27 g/L –
69.592% 72.122 100b 2.766c 1.02 g/L –
83.588% 66.114 100b − 6.334c 1.30 g/L

Tree bark consortium;

Lake water consortium;

Pre-adapted tree bark consortium

 Aquaculture effluent: Biogas digestate = 80: 20 95.775% 33.928 40.401b − 1.340c 0.86 g/L
92.653% 39.702 75.353b − 4.227c 0.99 g/L
98.466% 27.637 68.861b − 20.032c 1.16 g/L

Picochlorum sp. and

Halospirulina sp. and

Sulphur oxidizing bacteria

Mineral salt medium

Biogas (30% v/v CO2, 0.5% v/v H2S)

 44.5–50.0% N–NO3−, 52 ~ 55 P–PO43−, 12 ~ 29 – 23–129 mg·L−1·d−1 99.5% for H2S [59]

Chlorella vulgaris–Ganoderma lucidum–endophytic bacteria (S395-2)

Scenedusmus obliquus–Pleurotus ostreatus–endophytic bacteria (S395-2)

Biogas slurry

Biogas

56.29–64.87%

54.79–62.37%

68.37–79.15;

67.08–75.36

74.58–83.65;

70.31–80.43

62.27–76.89;

60.27–72.57

0.085–0.163 g·L−1·d-1

0.079–0.149 g·L−1·d−1

 – [49]

RCO2, CO2 fixation rate; RN (%), removal rate of nitrogen; RP (%), removal rate of phosphorus; RCOD (%), removal rate of organic carbon; PB, microalgal biomass productivity; Rpol, removal rate of other pollutants in wastewater or gas; a, ammonia nitrogen (NH4+–N); b, orthophosphate (PO43−P); c, dissolved organic carbon (DOC);dw, dry weight