Table 1.
General characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristics | Entire cohort (n = 2082) | Low-risk reference group (n = 560) |
|---|---|---|
| General clinical data | ||
| Age, y | 50.6 ± 17.0 | 39.2 ± 13.5 |
| Female, n (%) | 1178 (56.6) | 344 (61.4) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.4 ± 6.7 | 23.8 ± 2.9 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 123.3 ± 16.2 | 112.8 ± 11.0 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 75.8 ± 10.0 | 70.9 ± 7.6 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 67.1 ± 11.5 | 65.5 ± 10.3 |
| Race | ||
| White, n (%) | 1303 (62.6) | 331 (59.1) |
| Black or African American, n (%) | 354 (17.0) | 97 (9.1) |
| Asian, n (%) | 214 (10.3) | 67 (17.3) |
| Other, n (%) | 211 (10.1) | 65 (14.4) |
| Questionnaire and medical history | ||
| Current smoker, n (%) | 293 (14.1) | – |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 799 (38.4) | – |
| Diabetes mellitus type 2, n (%) | 276 (13.7) | – |
| History of CAD, n (%) | 60 (2.9) | – |
| Medication history at enrollment | ||
| Antihypertensive treatment, n (%) | 441 (21.2) | – |
| Beta-blockers | 116 (5.6) | – |
| ACE-I or ARB | 265 (12.7) | – |
| Diuretics | 148 (7.1) | – |
| Anti-diabetic agents | 165 (7.9) | – |
| Lipid-lowering agents | 340 (16.3) | – |
| Statin therapy | 299 (14.4) | – |
| Biochemistry | ||
| HbA1c, % | 5.67 ± 0.98 | 5.25 ± 0.35 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.78 ± 1.00 | 4.62 ± 0.77 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.58 ± 0.85 | 2.46 ± 0.64 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.52 ± 0.50 | 1.66 ± 0.47 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.20 (0.66–2.71) | 0.98 (0.56–2.20) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 87.8 ± 19.6 | 92.8 ± 16.7 |
| Conventional echocardiography | ||
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 70.0 ± 17.1 | 64.9 ± 15.5 |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.37 ± 0.08 | 0.34 ± 0.06 |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 58.7 ± 4.0 | 58.4 ± 2.9 |
| LV diastolic function | ||
| E/A ratio | 1.28 ± 0.50 | 1.59 ± 0.51 |
| e’ septal-lateral, cm/s | 10.3 ± 3.1 | 12.8 ± 2.7 |
| E/e’ ratio | 8.04 ± 2.72 | 6.43 ± 1.46 |
| LA volume index, mL/m2 | 28.0 ± 7.5 | 27.0 ± 5.86 |
| Coronary artery calcium | ||
| CAC score = 0, n (%) | 1251 (60.1) | 560 (100) |
| CAC score 0–100, n (%) | 472 (22.7) | – |
| CAC score 100–300, n (%) | 199 (9.6) | – |
| CAC score ≥300, n (%) | 160 (7.8) | – |
Values are mean ± SD, number of subjects (%), or median (10–90 percentile). ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; BP, blood pressure; CAC, coronary artery calcium; CAD, coronary artery disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular.