Table 4.
General characteristics of the study population by CAC score.
| Characteristics | CAC = 0 (n = 1251) | CAC 0–17.5 (n = 277) | CAC 17.5–176 (n = 277) | CAC >176 (n = 277) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General clinical data | ||||
| Age, y | 43.5 ± 14.7 | 51.7 ± 15.0 | 63.0 ± 11.1 | 69.3 ± 10.1 |
| Female, n (%) | 788 (63.0) | 162 (58.5) | 131 (47.3) | 97 (35.0) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.4 ± 6.4 | 30.8 ± 7.6 | 28.9 ± 6.0 | 29.8 ± 6.5 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 119.0 ± 14.7 | 126.8 ± 14.0 | 130.5 ± 16.3 | 132.0 ± 17.4 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 74.4 ± 9.8 | 79.2 ± 9.9 | 78.5 ± 9.8 | 75.6 ± 9.7 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 67.4 ± 11.2 | 68.7 ± 11.8 | 65.9 ± 12.0 | 65.8 ± 11.8 |
| Race | ||||
| White, n (%) | 705 (56.4) | 179 (64.6) | 196 (70.8) | 223 (80.5) |
| Black or African American, n (%) | 221 (17.7) | 52 (18.8) | 50 (18.1) | 31 (11.2) |
| Asian, n (%) | 159 (12.7) | 18 (6.5) | 23 (8.3) | 14 (5.1) |
| Other, n (%) | 166 (13.3) | 28 (10.1) | 8 (2.9) | 9 (3.2) |
| Questionnaire and medical history | ||||
| Current smoker, n (%) | 158 (12.6) | 37 (13.4) | 50 (18.1) | 48 (17.3) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 303 (24.2) | 116 (41.9) | 169 (61.0) | 211 (76.2) |
| Antihypertensive treatment, n (%) | 136 (10.9) | 66 (23.8) | 96 (34.7) | 143 (51.6) |
| Diabetes mellitus type 2, n (%) | 96 (7.7) | 39 (14.1) | 67 (24.2) | 74 (26.7) |
| History of CHD, n (%) | 4 (0.32) | 2 (0.72) | 11 (4.0) | 43 (15.5) |
| Biochemistry | ||||
| HbA1c, % | 5.50 ± 0.86 | 5.75 ± 0.92 | 5.95 ± 1.11 | 6.07 ± 1.16 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.81 ± 0.95 | 4.95 ± 1.03 | 4.82 ± 1.05 | 4.40 ± 1.09 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.57 ± 0.48 | 1.47 ± 0.48 | 1.51 ± 0.51 | 1.39 ± 0.47 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.14 (0.62–2.74) | 1.52 (0.72–3.11) | 1.34 (0.73–4.16) | 1.38 (0.74–3.30) |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 91.0 ± 19.4 | 89.8 ± 19.8 | 81.2 ± 17.5 | 78.1 ± 17.6 |
| LV diastolic function | ||||
| E/A ratio | 1.42 ± 0.50 | 1.20 ± 0.42 | 1.05 ± 0.41 | 0.98 ± 0.42 |
| e’ septal-lateral, cm/s | 11.5 ± 3.0 | 9.7 ± 2.8 | 8.2 ± 1.8 | 7.4 ± 1.8 |
| E/e’ ratio | 7.2 ± 2.1 | 8.2 ± 2.5 | 9.3 ± 2.6 | 10.3 ± 3.5 |
| LA volume index, mL/m2 | 27.3 ± 6.8 | 27.1 ± 6.7 | 29.2 ± 9.1 | 30.7 ± 8.6 |
| Grade I LVDD, n (%) | 85 (6.8) | 58 (20.9) | 65 (23.5) | 113 (40.8) |
| Grade I and 2 LVDD, n (%) | 202 (16.1) | 92 (33.2) | 103 (37.2) | 157 (56.7) |
Values are mean ± SD, number of subjects (%) or median (10–90 percentile). BP, blood pressure; CAC, coronary artery calcification; CHD, coronary heart disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; LVDD, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.