Table 2.
Echocardiographic findings by age group at presentation and during follow-up
| Characteristic | Overall n = 34 |
Age < 1 year n = 12 |
Age ≥ 1 year n = 22 |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Echocardiogram | ||||
| LV ejection fraction % | 46 (36, 49) | 41 (34, 48) | 47 (37, 49) | 0.46 |
| LV shortening fraction % | 22 (15, 26) | 19 (14, 22) | 23 (18, 26) | 0.070 |
| LV end-diastolic dimension z-score | 2.6 (0.9, 3.2) | 2.9 (2.6, 3.3) | 2.1 (0.5, 3.0) | 0.14 |
| LV end-systolic dimension z-score | 4.3 (2.8, 5.6) | 5.6 (4.4, 6.6) | 3.8 (2.0, 5.1) | 0.021 |
| Interventricular septal dimension z-score | 0.9 (0.0, 1.8) | 0.6 (-0.3, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.1, 2.2) | 0.51 |
| LV posterior wall dimension z-score | 0.9 (0.3, 2.0) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.9) | 0.7 (0.0, 1.9) | 0.61 |
| LV mass z-score | 2.4 (1.4, 3.1) | 2.7 (2.2, 3.7) | 2.2 (0.9, 3.0) | 0.31 |
| LV mass index, g/ht2.7 | 79 (56, 114) | 130 (116, 141) | 64 (52, 81) | 0.002 |
| Qualitative assessment of LV dysfunction | 0.27 | |||
| Mild | 10 (29%) | 2 (17%) | 8 (36%) | |
| Mild to Moderate | 4 (12%) | 1 (8.3%) | 3 (14%) | |
| Moderate | 8 (24%) | 2 (17%) | 6 (27%) | |
| Moderate to Severe | 3 (8.8%) | 1 (8.3%) | 2 (9.1%) | |
| Severe | 9 (26%) | 6 (50%) | 3 (14%) | |
| Qualitative LV hypertrophy | 0.25 | |||
| Hypertrophy | 11 (32%) | 2 (17%) | 9 (41%) | |
| No hypertrophy | 23 (68%) | 10 (83%) | 13 (59%) | |
| Qualitative LV dilation | 0.061 | |||
| Dilation | 24 (71%) | 11 (92%) | 13 (59%) | |
| No dilation | 10 (29%) | 1 (8.3%) | 9 (41%) | |
| Diastolic dysfunction | 5 (15%) | 2 (17%) | 3 (14%) | 0.76 |
| Characteristic | Overall n = 32* |
Age < 1 year n = 12 |
Age ≥ 1 year n = 20 |
p-value |
| Echocardiogram Findings During Follow-up | ||||
| Normalization of LV function | 0.37 | |||
| LVD resolved | 26 (81%) | 11 (92%) | 15 (75%) | |
| LVD unresolved | 6 (19%) | 1 (8.3%) | 5 (25%) | |
| If normalized, duration of dysfunction, days | 106 (10, 240) | 12 (4, 80) | 218 (114, 441) | 0.003 |
| If normalized, recurrence of dysfunction during follow-up | 0.40 | |||
| No recurrence | 18 (69%) | 9 (82%) | 9 (60%) | |
| Recurrence | 8 (31%) | 2 (18%) | 6 (40%) | |
| Last Echocardiogram | ||||
| LV ejection fraction | 56 (54, 61) | 62 (60, 62) | 55 (52, 57) | 0.010 |
| LV shortening fraction | 33 (25, 35) | 36 (34, 38) | 29 (24, 33) | 0.002 |
| Qualitative assessment of LV function | 0.049 | |||
| LVD | 10 (31%) | 1 (8.3%) | 9 (45%) | |
| No LVD | 22 (69%) | 11 (92%) | 11 (55%) | |
Categorical variables are summarized as count and percentage. Continuous variables are summarized as median and interquartile range. Fisher’s exact test was performed for categorical variable and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variable, respectively. Specific echocardiographic findings were not available for some patients and the number of missing data were summarized as follows: 10 for LV ejection fraction, 2 for LV shortening fraction, 2 for LV end-diastolic dimension z-score, 4 for LV end-systolic dimension z-score, 9 for interventricular septal dimension z-score, 8 for LV posterior wall dimension z-score, 10 for LV mass z-score, 9 for LV mass/ht2.7, 8 for LV ejection fraction at the last follow-up, and 1 for LV shortening fraction at the last follow-up.
There were two patients lost to follow up.