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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2023 Aug 17;31(3):274–282. doi: 10.1080/09286586.2023.2248629

Table 7:

The correlation between dry eye symptoms and signs, and among signs for male and female at baseline (n = 1022 eyes)

rho* (95% Confidence Interval)
Female (n= 835
eyes)
Male (n= 187
eyes)
Difference
(Female - Male)
Between OSDI and Four Dry Dye Signs
OSDI vs. Tear break-up time −0.04 (−0.12, 0.04) −0.14 (−0.31, 0.03) 0.10 (−0.10, 0.28)
OSDI vs. Schirmer test −0.06 (−0.15, 0.02) −0.06 (−0.24, 0.13) −0.00 (−0.21, 0.20)
OSDI vs. Corneal staining score 0.06 (−0.02, 0.15) 0.02 (−0.21, 0.22) 0.04 (−0.17, 0.28)
OSDI vs. Conjunctival staining score −0.01 (−0.10, 0.07) 0.03 (−0.15, 0.19) −0.04 (−0.23, 0.15)
 
Among Four Dry Eye Signs
Tear break-up time vs. Schirmer test 0.17 (0.09, 0.25) 0.27 (0.10, 0.43) −0.09 (−0.28, 0.07)
Tear break-up time vs. Corneal staining score −0.27 (−0.35, −0.20) −0.26 (−0.42, −0.09) −0.02 (−0.20, 0.17)
Tear break-up time vs. Conjunctival staining score −0.14 (−0.22, −0.06) −0.08 (−0.24, 0.10) −0.06 (−0.26, 0.12)
Schirmer test vs. Corneal staining score −0.30 (−0.38, −0.22) −0.40 (−0.56, −0.22) 0.10 (−0.09, 0.27)
Schirmer test vs. Conjunctival staining score −0.25 (−0.33, −0.17) −0.17 (−0.36, 0.03) −0.08 (−0.29, 0.13)
Corneal staining score vs. Conjunctival staining score 0.33 (0.25, 0.41) 0.29 (0.11, 0.45) 0.04 (−0.12, 0.22)
*

Confidence intervals and p-values were calculated using cluster bootstrap to account for correlation from two eyes of the same patient.