Table 3.

Intervention description.

Author	Name	Rationale	Materials	Procedures	Who provided	How	Where	When and how much	Tailoring	Modifications	Fidelity- planned	Fidelity - delivered
Hartvigsen, Lauritzen [47]	Intervention group	Bobath principle: reduce load on the body by maximising patient participation, reducing friction and maintaining natural body positions	Low-tech equipment	Practical training on lifting techniques and body mechanics according to the Bobath principle.	Train the trainer model. Nurse or nurse aid instructor trained by a physiotherapist skilled in body mechanics and lifting techniques	Face- to-face, group	NR	1 × 1hr per week session for 2 yrs +4 × 2hr psychology sessions	Encouraged to provide feedback on transfers during sessions.	NR	NR	NR
Svensson, Stroyer [39]	LBP Prevention program	Improve fitness to cope with sudden spinal loading, improve transfer techniques to reduce spinal loading, improve psychological coping strategies to LBP	Low-tech equipment	Physical training: unexpected trunk loading and balance. Patient transfers: theoretical education and practical exercises. Stress management: theoretical exercises and group discussions to increase coping capacity	School teaching teams	Face- to-face, group	NR	Physical training (48 × 1 hr). Patient transfer technique education (20 h) and Stress management (22 h).	NR	NR	All students in intervention group	NR
Svensson, Marott [40]	LBP Prevention program	Improve fitness to cope with sudden spinal loading, improve transfer techniques to reduce spinal loading, improve psychological coping strategies to LBP	Low-tech equipment	Physical training: unexpected trunk loading and balance. Patient transfers: theoretical education and practical exercises. Stress management: theoretical exercises and group discussions to increase coping capacity	School teaching teams	Face- to-face, group	NR	Physical training (48 × 1 hr). Patient transfer technique education (20 h) and Stress management (22 h).	NR	NR	All participants in intervention group	NR
Black, Metcalfe [46]	Transfer, Lifting and Repositioning (TLR) Program	To prevent patient handling-related musculoskeletal injuries	A course booklet and training materials, low- and high-tech equipment	Education on anatomy, injuries, body mechanics, personal health, lifting and patient handling procedures, standardized patient handling needs assessment, and patient handling algorithms. Practical patient handling skill component	NR	Face- to-face, group	NR	Initial 1 × 8hr session + on-ward coaching + 1 h/year follow-up	NR	NR	Mandatory for all direct care working	NR
Lim, Black [48]	Transfer, Lifting and Repositioning (TLR) Program	To prevent patient handling-related musculoskeletal injuries	A course booklet and training materials. low- and high-tech equipment	Education on anatomy, injuries, body mechanics, personal health, lifting and patient handling procedures, standardized patient handling needs assessment, and patient handling algorithms. Practical patient handling skill component	NR	Face- to-face, group	NR	Initial 1 × 8hr session + on-ward coaching + 1 h/year follow-up	NR	NR	Mandatory for all direct care working	NR
Jaromi, Kukla [44]	Spine care for nurses	Increase knowledge of spinal biomechanics and patient handling techniques and strengthen muscles in order to avert microtrauma	Written materials detailing exercise program and patient handling skills, equipment use not reported	Theoretical sessions to educate on the spinal anatomy, biomechanics, injury prevention and lifting techniques. Practical sessions to practise spinal strengthening exercises and patient transfers according to the Dotte and Bobath methods	NR	Face- to-face, group	NR	2 × 60min sessions per week for 12 weeks	NR	NR	All participants in intervention group	NR
Jensen, Gonge [45]	Transfer Technique Intervention	Education based on Stockholm training concept to reduce biomechanical load on the back, minimise asymmetric posture and avoid sudden loads	Low- and high-tech equipment	Practical classroom education with 30 transfer situations taught, followed by implementation period of on-site training	Classroom sessions: project supervisors trained in Stockholm training concept. On-site group participants with additional 30hrs training	Face-to-face, group	On-site training in usual work setting	2 × 4hrs classroom education, 2–6 months of on-site training	On-site training adapted to individual work situations	NR	All staff	NR
Shojaei, Tavafian [42]	Educational Program	Education based on social cognitive theory increase likelihood of healthy behaviours of safe patient handling	Equipment use not reported	Education on self-efficacy, self-regulation, highlighting outcome expectation and emotional coping related to safe postures while moving patients. Education methods included, skills training, negotiation, role-playing, goal setting and self-assessment.	Health education specialist	Face- to-face, group	NR	4 × 2hr sessions	Individualised goal setting and addressing of barriers to safe handling	NR	All participants	NR
Warming, Wiese [41]	Transfer Training	Train the trainer model used to adapt knowledge from an expert to their local setting. Transfer techniques taught based on gravity, friction and lever arm principles	Low-tech equipment	Trainers trained colleagues on the ward. No further information about specific activities	Nurses with 4 days of training	Face-to-face	Hospital	Trainer available on ward for 2 × 6week blocks to train staff. No indication of dose per participant	Training individualised to wards and on the job situations	NR	All ward nurses	No. who complete training reported
	Transfer Training + Physical Training	As per TT with addition of physical training to increase physical capacity	Low-tech equipment, gym equipment and heart rate monitor watch	As per Transfer Training with addition of circuit training for aerobic fitness of 5 × 6mins, Strength of 4 × 5mins, 5min cool-down	NR	face- to-face, group	Hospital	Physical training: 2 × 1 h/week for 8 weeks	Programs individualised to work at 70–90 % of VO2 max	NR	All participants in the TT + PT group	No. who complete part of intervention reported (Physical Training reported, not Transfer Training)

Abbreviations: NR – not reported, LBP – lower back pain, VO2 max – maximum volume of oxygen consumption.

Equipment category descriptions: 1. Use of equipment not reported 2. Use of low-tech aids such as slide sheets and slings 3. Use of high-tech equipment such as hoists and lifting machines.