Table 1.

The inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
At least one objective of the study was to evaluate CA intervention(s), including CA applications, healthcare modes, or programs.	The CA in the study was only one function of a robot, robotic toy, virtual reality, or game-based application and its conversational function was not evaluated independently.
The CA was unconstrained, allowing users to enter text-based messages or conduct voice-based conversations.	The CA mainly sent messages/notifications, asked users to enter data entries, or conversed through predefined responses (buttons, menus, yes, no, etc.)
The evaluation was relevant to primary, secondary, or tertiary prevention of disease or health issues.	The CA application was designed to provide education, training, or knowledge/skill assessments to healthcare providers and/or students.
The evaluation was based on the analysis of data from humans, including testers, participants recruited, or people using the intervention in the real world.	The study was mainly based on AI training data or an exploratory survey to investigate the preferences/perceptions of a CA application.
The article was published in a peer-reviewed journal in the English language.	The study only reported preliminary analysis outcomes, normally in conferences or communications.