TABLE 1.

Bioactive compounds of fenugreek (leaves and seed).

Class	Bioactive compound	Bioactivity	References
Sapogenin	3,5-Spirostadiene derivative, Smilagenin, Sarsasapogenin, Diosgenin (0.1–0.9%), Tigogenin, Yamogenin, Neotigogenin, Yuccagenin, Gitogenin, Neogitogenin	Antinflammatory, antidiabetic, neuroprotectiver, anticancerous, hypolipidemic effect	(37–39)
Saponin	Graecunins, Fenugrin B, Fenugreekine, Trigofoenosides A–G	−	(39)
Flavonoids	Naringenin, Quercetin, Tricin, Kaempferol, Luteolin, Quercitrin, Afroside, Isovitexin, Vitexin, Vicenin-1, Vicenin-2	antidiabetic, antiatherogenic, antidepressant, immunomodulatory, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anticancer	(40–42)
Phenolics and their derivatives	p-Coumaric acid, Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Hymecromone, Trigoforin, Trigocoumarin, Scopoletin, gamma-Schizandrin, Zingerone, Vanillin, Gingerol, Eugenol	antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antiobesity, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial	(2, 42)
Alkaloid	Trigonelline, N-methylnicotinic acid, Trimethylamine, Neurin, Choline, Gentianine, Carpaine, and Betain	hypoglycaemic, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, estrogenic, and antibacterial activities	(2, 43)
Lipids	Oleic, Linoleic, Linolenic acids, Phosphatidylcholine, Phosphatidyl ethanolamine	anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory	(2, 42)
Vitamin and minerals	Vitamins: A, B1, B2, C, niacin, nicotinic acid, β-carotene, Folic acid Minerals: Fe, Ca, P, S, Mg, Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, Br	−	(25)
Dietary fiber	Galactomannan	Reduce obesity and improve gut health	(44)