Table 1.
Characteristic table of the literature
| Author and Year | Species and gender | Week old and Weight | Anesthetic | Model and method | Treatment group | MI/RI Time | Comorbidity | Outcomes and P-Value | Mechanisms | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| APN and Duration | Administration | |||||||||
| Shibata et al. 2005 [26] | Queue a (WT): C57BL/6 mices, ND | 10 to 12 weeks, ND | Pent | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 2 × 108 PFU, 3 d | IV | 0.5 h/48 h | no | 1. Infarct size: P < 0.05 2. Apoptotic rate: P < 0.05 3. LVEDP: P < 0.05 4. + dP/dtmax: P < 0.05 5. -dP/dtmax: P < 0.05 6. TNF-α: P < 0.05 | AMPK↑/COX-2↑/apoptosis↓/proinflammatory cytokine↓ |
| Queue b (APN-KO): C57BL/6 mices, ND | 10 to 12 weeks, ND | Pent | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 2 × 108 PFU, 3 d | IV | 0.5 h/48 h | no |
1. Infarct size: P < 0.01 2. Apoptotic rate: P < 0.05 3. TNF-α: P < 0.01 |
||
| Tao et al. 2007 [27] | Adult mices, male | ND | Isoflurane | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 1 to 4 μg/g, 10 min | IP | 0.5 h/3 h, 24 h | no |
1. Infarct size: P < 0.01 2. Apoptotic rate: P < 0.01 3. LVEDP: P < 0.01 4. + dP/dtmax: P < 0.01 5. -dP/dtmax: P < 0.01 6. Caspase-3: P < 0.01 7. Superoxide production: P < 0.01 |
iNOS↓/gp91^phox protein↓/oxidative or nitrative stress↓ |
| Wang et al. 2009 [28] | Queue a (WT): D157A mices, male | ND | Isoflurane | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 2 μg/g, 10 min | IP | 0.5 h/3 h, 24 h | no | 1. Infarct size: P < 0.01 2. Apoptotic rate: P < 0.01 3. LVEDP: P < 0.05 4. + dP/dtmax: P < 0.05 5. -dP/dtmax: P < 0.05 6. Caspase-3: P < 0.01 7. Superoxide production: P < 0.01 8. LDH: P < 0.01 | apoptosis↓/oxidative or nitrative stress↓ (Note: the antioxidative and antinitrative effects of APN in MIRI hearts are not mediated by AMPK) |
| Queue b (AMPK-DN): D157A mices, male | ND | Isoflurane | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 2 μg/g, 10 min | IP | 0.5 h/3 h, 24 h | no | 1. Infarct size: P < 0.01 2. Apoptotic rate: P < 0.01 3. LVEDP: P < 0.05 4. + dP/dtmax: P < 0.05 5. -dP/dtmax: P < 0.05 6. Caspase-3: P < 0.05 7. Superoxide production: P < 0.05 8. LDH: P < 0.01 | ||
| Kondo et al. 2010 [29] | Yorkshire-Duroc pigs, female | 2 to 3 months, 29.55 to 31.95 kg | Pent | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 0.03 μg/kg, 10 min | Arterial administration | 0.75 h/24 h | no | 1. Infarct size: P < 0.05 2. Apoptotic rate: P < 0.01 3. LVEDP: P < 0.05 4. + dP/dtmax: P < 0.05 5. -dP/dtmax: P < 0.05 6. TNF-α: P < 0.05 | inflammation↓/apoptosis↓/oxidative stress↓ |
| Wang et al. 2010 [30] | SD rats, male | 8 to 10 weeks, 180 to 220 g | Urethane | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 60 ng/g, 2 min | IV | 0.5 h/1 h | no | 1. Caspase-3: P < 0.01 | AMPK↑/PPAR-γ↑/apoptosis↓ |
| Chen 2011 [31] | SD rats, male | ND, 220 to 250 g | Pent | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 60/120/180 ng/g, 30 min | IV | 0.75 h/3 h | DM | 1. Infarct size: P < 0.01 2. + dP/dtmax: P < 0.01 3. -dP/dtmax: P < 0.01 4. Caspase-3: P < 0.01 5. SOD: P < 0.01 | NOS↑/SOD↑/oxidative stress↓ |
| Liu et al. 2011 [32] | Queue a (WT): C57B1/6 J mices, male | 8 to 12 weeks, ND | Isoflurane | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 0.5 mg/kg, 10 min | IV | 0.5 h/3 h | Trauma | 1. Infarct size: P < 0.01 2. + dP/dtmax: P < 0.01 3. Caspase-3: P < 0.01 4. Superoxide production: P < 0.05 | apoptosis↓/oxidative or nitrative stress↓ |
| Queue b(APN-KO): C57B1/6 J mices, male | 8 to 12 weeks, ND | Isoflurane | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 0.5 mg/kg, 10 min | IV | 0.5 h/3 h | Trauma | 1. Infarct size: P < 0.01 2. + dP/dtmax: P < 0.01 | ||
| Ma et al. 2011 [33] | Queue a (DM1d): Swiss mices, ND | 6 to 8 weeks, ND | Isoflurane | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 2 μg/g, 10 min | IP | 0.5 h/3 h, 24 h | DM | 1. Infarct size: P > 0.05 2. Apoptotic rate: P > 0.05 3. Caspase-3: P > 0.05 4. LDH: P > 0.05 | AdipoR1↑/AMPK↑/LDH↓/apoptosis↓ |
| Queue b (DM7d): Swiss mices, ND | 6 to 8 weeks, ND | Isoflurane | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 2 μg/g, 10 min | IP | 0.5 h/3 h, 24 h | DM | 1. Infarct size: P < 0.01 2. Apoptotic rate: P < 0.01 3. Caspase-3: P < 0.01 4. LDH: P < 0.01 | ||
| Chen et al. 2011 [34] | SD rats, male | ND, 220 to 250 g | Pent | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 180 ng/g, 30 min | IV | 0.75 h/3 h | no | 1. LVEDP: P < 0.05 2. LDH: P < 0.01 | apoptosis↓/oxidative stress↓ |
| Gao et al. 2012 [35] | C57 mices, male | 4 to 6 weeks, 20 to 25 g | Isoflurane | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 0.5 mg /kg, 10 min | IP | 0.5 h/3 h, 24 h | no | 1. LVEF: P < 0.05 2. Caspase-3: P < 0.05 | ND |
| Guo 2013 [36] | SD rats, male | 7 to 8 weeks, 220 to 250 g | Pent | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 1 μg/kg, 10 min | IV | 0.75 h/3 h | no |
1. Infarct size: P < 0.05 2. Apoptotic rate: P < 0.05 3. LVEDP: P < 0.05 4. + dP/dtmax: P < 0.05 5. -dP/dtmax: P < 0.05 6. Caspase-3: P < 0.05 7. LDH: P < 0.05 |
apoptosis↓/LDH↓/CK-MB↓/arrhythmia↓ |
| Zhang et al. 2013 [37] | Queue a (Scramble): D157A mices, male | ND | Isoflurane | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 2 μg/g, 20 min | IP | 0.5 h/3 h, 24 h | no | 1. Infarct size: P < 0.01 2. LVEDP: P < 0.01 3. + dP/dtmax: P < 0.01 4. LVEF: P < 0.05 5. Caspase-3: P < 0.01 6. Apoptotic rate: P < 0.01 7. Superoxide production: P < 0.01 | PKA activity↑/oxidative stress↓/IKK, IκB↓/NF-κB↓ |
| Queue b (PKA-KO): D157A mices, male | ND | Isoflurane | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 2 μg/g, 20 min | IP | 0.5 h/3 h, 24 h | no | 1. Infarct size: P < 0.05 2. LVEDP: P < 0.05 3. + dP/dtmax: P < 0.05 4. LVEF: P > 0.05 5. Caspase-3: P > 0.05 6. Apoptotic rate: P > 0.05 7. Superoxide production: P < 0.01 | ||
| Guo et al. 2014 [38] | SD rats, ND | ND, 220 to 250 g | Pent | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 1 μg/kg, 10 min | IV | 0.75 h/3 h | DM | 1. Infarct size: P < 0.05 2. Caspase-3: P < 0.05 3. SOD: P < 0.05 | apoptosis↓/oxidative stress↓ |
| Song et al. 2014 [39] | Queue a (WT): C57B1/6 J mices, ND | 8 to 10 weeks, ND | Isoflurane | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 2 μg/g, 7 d | IP | 0.5 h/3 h, 24 h | renal failure | 1. Infarct size: P < 0.05 2. Apoptotic rate: P < 0.01 3. Caspase-3: P < 0.05 4. LVEF: P < 0.01 | AdipoR1↑/AMPK↑/iNOS↓/apoptosis↓/oxidative or nitrative stress↓ |
| Queue b (APN-KO): C57B1/6 J mices, ND | 8 to 10 weeks, ND | Isoflurane | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 2 μg/g, 7 d | IP | 0.5 h/3 h, 24 h | renal failure | 1. Infarct size: P < 0.05 2. Apoptotic rate: P < 0.01 3. Caspase-3: P < 0.05 4. LVEF: P < 0.01 | ||
| Wang et al. 2014 [40] | C57BL/6 J mices, male | 8 to 10 weeks, ND | Isoflurane | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 2 μg /g, 10 min | IP | 0.5 h/3 h, 24 h | no | 1. Infarct size: P < 0.01 2. LVEF: P < 0.01 | increased APPL1 expression |
| Gao et al. 2015 [41] | Queue a (WT): C57BL/6 mices, male | 6 to 8 weeks, 20 to 25 g | Isoflurane | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 0.5 mg/kg, 10 min | IP | 0.5 h/3 h, 24 h | no |
1. Infarct size: P < 0.01 2. Apoptotic rate: P < 0.05 3. LVEDP: P < 0.05 4. + dP/dtmax: P < 0.05 5. -dP/dtmax: P < 0.05 6. Caspase-3: P < 0.05 7. LVEF: P < 0.05 |
AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation↑/apoptosis↓/TNF-α↓ |
| Queue b (APN-KO): C57BL/6 mices, male | 6 to 8 weeks, 20 to 25 g | Isoflurane | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 0.5 mg/kg, 10 min | IP | 0.5 h/3 h,24 h | no | 1. Infarct size: P < 0.05 2. Apoptotic rate: P < 0.05 3. Caspase-3: P < 0.01 4. LVEF: P < 0.05 | ||
| Zhao et al. 2016 [42] | SD rats, ND | ND, 220 to 280 g | Chloral hydrate | MIRI, ligation of LAD | 1.8 μg/g, 20 min | IV | 0.5 h/2 h | no | 1. LDH: P < 0.05 2. MDA: P < 0.05 3. SOD: P < 0.05 | Lipid peroxidation↓/free radical scavenging↑ |
| Potenza et al. 2019 [43] | SD rats, male | ND, 250 to 300 g | Pent | MIRI, Langendorff perfusion system | 3 μg/mL, 3.5 h | Arterial administration | 0.5 h/3 h | no | 1. Infarct size: P < 0.05 2. LVEDP: P < 0.01 | AMPK, LKB1↑/ eNOS↑/SIRT-1↑ |
| Xing et al. 2020 [44] | SD rats, male | 8 to 10 weeks, 250 to 300 g | Pent | MIRI ligation of LAD | 5 μg /g, 15 min | IP | 0.5 h/2 h | DM | 1. Infarct size: P < 0.05 | SphK1↓/S1P↓/phosphorylation of NF-κB↓ |
| Wang et al. 2022 [45] | SD rats, male | 4 weeks, 180 to 220 g | Pent | MIRI ligation of LAD | 5 μg/g, 15 min | IP | 0.5 h/2 h | no | 1. LDH: P < 0.05 | MIF↑/autophagy↓ |
Pent Pentobarbital sodium, PFU plaque-forming units, IV Intravenous injection, IP Intraperitoneal injection, IS infarct size, AAR area at risk, ND no description, WT wild-type, APN-KO APN gene knockout, AMPK-DN a mutant AMPKα2 subunit, MIRI myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, d day, h hour, min minute, LAD left anterior descending branch, SD Sprague–Dawley, COX-2 Cyclooxygenase-2, iNOS inducible NO synthase, gp91^phox nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase, LVEDP left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, + dP/dtmax maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise, -dP/dtmax maximum rate of left ventricular pressure decrease, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, DM diabetes mellitus, SOD superoxide dismutase, NO nitric oxide, NOS nitric oxide synthase, PKA-KO Protein kinase A knockout, CK-MB creatine kinase isoenzymes, APPL1 Recombinant Adiponectin Receptor 1, eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase, LKB1 Liver kinase B1, SIRT-1 sirtuin-1, SphK1 Sheath Amino Acid Kinase 1, S1P Sphingosine-1-phosphate, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha, IHC immunohistochemical staining, PPAR-γ Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, MIF migration inhibitory factor