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. 2024 Feb 17;22:132. doi: 10.1186/s12964-024-01509-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Main resident immune cells in the brain and their distribution in different brain regions. a Skull bone meninges. Lymphatic vessels shuttle through the dura mater, and immune cells in the dura mater are relatively numerous and abundant. The subarachnoid space is filled with CSF, which contains T cells, a small number of B cells, BAMs/monocytes and DCs. b Choroid plexus. Immune cells can enter the ChP matrix through fenestrated microvessels, but the tight junctions of the ChP basement membrane restrict immune cells in the ChP stroma from entering the CSF, decreasing the number and diversity of these cells in the CSF. c Perivascular space. A barrier formed by the endfeet of astrocytes separates the perivascular space from the brain parenchyma, with a small number and variety of immune cells present. Created with BioRender.com