Table 2.

Parameters and equations of the algorithms³².

Algorithm	Equations	Values
CSA42	$d_k^{i+1}=d_k^i+\alpha ·\frac{\left|u\right|}{v^{\frac{1}{\beta }}}·(d_{\mathit{best}}-d_i^k)$	$\alpha$ = 0.8
	$u\approx {\mathcal{N}}^v(0,{\sigma }_u^2)$	$\beta$ = 1.5
	$v\approx \mathcal{N}(0,{\sigma }_v^2)$	$\mathcal{N}$ = 4
	${\sigma }_u=(\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1,+,\beta \right)·sin\left(\pi ,·,\frac{\beta }{2}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1+\beta }{2}\right)·\beta ·2^{\left(\frac{\beta -1}{2}\right)}})$
	${\sigma }_v=1$
GWO44	$\mathbf{D}=\left|\mathbf{C},·,{\mathbf{X}}_p,(t),-,\mathbf{X},(t)\right|$
	$\mathbf{X}(t+1)={\mathbf{X}}_p(t)-\mathbf{A}·\mathbf{D}$	$a_u$ = 2
	$a=a_l-(a_l-a_u)·tan\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon },·,\frac{m}{M},\pi \right)$	$a_l$ = 0.5
	$A=2a·\text{random}-a$	$ϵ$ = 4
	$C=2·\text{random}$	M = 120
SSA43	$x_1^{(k)}=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}{F}^{(k)}+c_1\left(\left(U_b^{(k)},-,L_b^{(k)}\right),c_2,+,L_b^{(k)}\right),\hfill & c_3\ge 0.5\hfill \\ F^{(k)}-c_1\left(\left(U_b^{(k)},-,L_b^{(k)}\right),c_2,+,L_b^{(k)}\right),\hfill & c_3<0.5\hfill \end{array}\right)$	$U_b$ = 0.8
	$c_1=2·e^{-}{\left(\frac{4m}{M}\right)}^2$	$L_b$ = 0.1
	$x_j^{(k)}=\frac{1}{2}\left(x_j^{(k)},+,x_{j-1}^{(k)}\right)$	M = 120
		$c_2$ = random
GOA	Equation (37)	${\zeta }_u$ = 1
	Equation (36)	${\zeta }_l$ = 0.00004
	Equation (38)	$\alpha$ = 0.5 and $\beta$ = 1.5