Table 1.
A non-exhaustive tour of the literature of portable or potentially portable MRI applied to plants
| Organ | Reference | Species | B0 (T) | Highlights |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fruit | Baek et al. [35] | Solanum lycopersicum cv. Tiara, Tiara TY, and Unicorn | 1 |
Variation in signal intensity as a function of maturity; Assignment of maturity based on the pericarp/locule signal ratio |
| Geya et al. [52] | Pyrus pyrifolia | 0.2 |
Variation in T2 as a function of fruit growth and changes in tissue structure; Linear relationship between relaxation rates and the inverse of the cube root of pear fruit weight |
|
| Windt and Blümler [48] | Phaseolus vulgaris L | 0.26 | Monitoring of fruit water content and fruit growth | |
| Leaves | Capitani et al. [54] |
Zea mays; Phaseolus vulgaris; Populus nigra; Cistus incanus; Quercus ilex |
0.4 |
Relationship between the integral of the NMR signal and leaf water status, and with the rate of transpiration in hydrated leaves; Reduction in NMR signal with leaf dehydration; Different trends between species depending on their water strategies |
| Musse et al. [49] | Brassica napus L., genotype Tenor | 0.47 |
Access to cell structure by measuring T2 through subcellular water distribution; Variation in T2 distribution as a function of leaf developmental stage |
|
| Musse et al. [51] | Brassica napus L., genotype Aviso | 0.47 |
Reflection of the senescence process in the variation of T2 distribution; Earlier change in T2 than in chlorophyll and dry matter content |
|
| Sorin et al. [50] | Brassica napus L., genotype Tenor | 0.47 |
Access to cell structure by measuring T2 through subcellular water distribution; Variation in T2 distribution as a function of leaf developmental stage |
|
| Sorin et al. [58] | Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi | 0.47 |
The stage of leaf development mainly affects the longest T2; The impact of water stress depends on the plant's stage of development and the intensity of the stress |
|
| Windt et al. [37] | Oryza sativa cv. Nuovo Maratelli | 0.242 |
Diurnal variation in leaf water content; Weaker tendency in case of osmotic stress |
|
| Stem | Fukuda et al. [59] |
Cercidiphyllum japonicum; Betula platyphylla var. japonica |
1 |
Measurement of water content; Visualization of emboli propagation; Estimation of the relative area of the embolism from MR images in accordance with vulnerability curves |
| Homan et al. [39] | Prunus | 0.7 | Similar flow measurements at high and low magnetic fields | |
| Jones et al. [36] | Prunus padus | 0.025 |
Imaging water distribution; Correlation between signal intensity and meteorological conditions; Diurnal and seasonal variation in water status |
|
| Kimura et al. [11] | Pyrus pyrifolia | 0.3 |
Clear difference between the ADC map of the branch affected by dwarf disease and the ADC map of the normal branch; Variation in microscopic water flow in the branch as a function of solar radiation |
|
| Malone et al. [56] |
Populus tremuloides; Juniperus monosperma; Pinus edulis |
9E-04 |
Diurnal variation of the NMR signal in a well-watered plant; No clear diurnal variation of the NMR signal in a water-limited plant |
|
| Meixner et al. [10] | Fagus sylvatica | 0.25 |
Measurement of water content; Visualization of emboli propagation; |
|
| Meixner et al. [34] |
Malus domestica cv. Captan; Fagus sylvatica |
0.25 |
Imaging water distribution; Diurnal variation in water content and T2 |
|
| Nagata et al. [33] | Zelkova serrata | 0.2 |
Monitoring tree growth; Diurnal and seasonal variation in xylem flow |
|
| Peuke et al. [62] | Ricinus communis L | 0.72 |
Reduction in phloem and xylem flows during root anoxia treatment; No diurnal variation in xylem sap flow after anoxia treatment; Reduction then recovery of phloem sap flow during shoot anoxia treatment |
|
| Scheenen et al. [53] | Cucumis sativus cv. Hurona | 0.7 |
Reduction in root water uptake and xylem hydraulic conductance due to emboli formation after cold stress; Refilling monitoring |
|
| Umebayashi et al. [60] | Pinus thunbergii | 0.3 |
Imaging the spread of embolism in pine wilted disease caused by nematodes; Characterization of two types of embolism, one of which spread in all directions and was caused by the nematode population staying around the inoculation site |
|
| Utsuzawa et al. [61] | Pinus thunbergii | 1 |
Visualisation of xylem cavitation and the spread of embolism caused by nematodes; Area and speed of cavitation spreading in two stages: a first one with gradual and confined propagation, and second, rapid propagation progressing until it occupied most of the xylem |
|
| Van As et al. [40] | Cucumis sativus L | 0.235 | Variation in flux and T2 with light intensity | |
| Windt et al. [12] |
Populus tremula × Populus alba, INRA clone 717 1B4; Ricinus communis; Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Counter; Nicotiana tabacum cv. Petit Havana SR1 |
0.72 |
Measurement of phloem and xylem flow; Diurnal variation in xylem flow |
|
| Windt et al. [47] |
Ricinus communis; Populus nigra |
0.57 |
Non spatially resolved xylem flow measurement; Diurnal variation in water status; Monitoring the growth of a tree trunk |
|
| Windt and Blümler [48] |
Populus nigra L.; Quercus robur L |
0.57 0.26 |
Measurement of xylem flow; Monitoring water content, stem diameter growth and shrinkage |
|
| Yoder et al. [55] |
Populus tremuloides; Pinus edulis; Juniperus monosperma; Pinus ponderosa |
9E-04 | Decrease in signal amplitude as the tree dries out | |
| Roots | Bagnall et al. [38] | Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench) | 0.047 |
Measuring soil and root T2; Soil T2 variation as a function of soil type; Imaging roots in the soil |
| Bagnall et al. [13] | Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench) | 0.047 |
2D and 3D imaging of root architecture in soils; Root segmentation |
|
| Nuixe et al. [46] |
Dactylis glomerata; Plantago lanceolata; Medicago sativa |
0.3 | Diurnal variation in water content and in T2 |