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. 2024 Feb 17;22:66. doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02338-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — The hADSC-Exo treatment demonstrates the ability to modulate the expression of genes associated with neurogenesis and brain inflammation in BTBR mice. a Mouse brain localization injection of hADSC-Exos. PKH26-labeled hADSC-Exos co-localized with Tuj1 + neurons. b PKH26-labelled hADSC-Exos was localized and injected, and tissues were collected from day 1 to day 7 for immunofluorescence staining. c–f qRT-PCR. c ASD marker gene expression examined by qRT-PCR. d Neuron genes expression confirmed by qRT-PCR. e Astrocyte and microglia activation genes expression detected by qRT-PCR. f Inflammatory genes expression analyzed by qRT-PCR. All data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukeys multiple comparison test. Statistical differences were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukeys multiple comparison test. Bars represent mean and error bars S.E.M. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001