Table 1.

Studies on mosquito immune signalling pathways

Immune signalling pathways	Mosquito/cell line	Pathogen	Key genes/effectors	References
Toll pathways	Anopheles gambiae	Plasmodium berghei	Toll, Rel1, Cactus, LRIM1, Tep1	[87]
	Aedes aegypti	Plasmodium gallinaceum, fungi, DENV, SINV, WNV	RUNX4, AaREL1, Spz1A, Serpin-27A, AMPs, Dif, Späetzle 5	[88–92, 94, 95, 97]
IMD pathways	Anopheles gambiae	Bacterium, Plasmodium berghei, P. falciparum	Caspar, Rel2, AMP, cecropin 1, TEP1, APL1, LRIM1	[98–100]
	Anopheles stephensi	Plasmodium falciparum	Rel2	[99, 102]
	Anopheles albimanus	Plasmodium falciparum	Rel2	[99]
	Aedes aegypti	DENV, SINV	Caspar, Rel2	[12, 92, 103, 105]
	Aedes albopictus U4.4 cell	SFV	–	[104]
JAK-STAT pathways	Anopheles gambiae	Bacterium	STAT-A, STAT-B	[106]
	Aedes aegypti	DENV	STAT, Dome, Hop, PIAS	[107]
	Anopheles aquasalis	Plasmodium vivax	STAT, PIAS	[108]
siRNA pathways	Anopheles gambiae 4a-2s4 cell	FHV, NoV	Ago2	[116]
	Aedes aegypti	YFV, DENV2, SINV	Dicer2, R2D2, Ago2	[117–119]
	Anopheles gambiae	ONNV	Ago2	[121]
miRNA pathways	Anopheles gambiae	Plasmodium falciparum	aga-miR-305	[124]
	Aedes aegypti	ZIKV, DENV	–	[125, 126]
	Aedes aegypti Aag2 cell	WNV	KUN-miR-1, GATA4	[129]
	Aedes albopictus C6/36 cell	DENV, WNV	DENV-vsRNA-5, Aae-miR-2940-5p, aal-miR-4728-5p, miR-1767, miR-276-3p, miR-4448, KUN-miR-1, GATA4	[127–130, 132]
	Aedes albopictus	DENV2	miR-252	[131]
piRNA pathways	Aedes aegypti	CHIKV	vpiRNA	[137]
	Aedes albopictus	CHIKV	vpiRNA	[137]
	Aedes aegypti Aag2 cell	SINV, SFV	Piwi5, Ago3, vpiRNA, Piwi4	[135, 139, 141]