Table 1. Baseline demographic and health characteristics of overall cohort between proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2-receptor antagonist (H2RAs) users.
| Covariates | Before propensity score matching | After 1:1 Propensity score matching | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | H2RAs | PPIs | Absolute standardized differenceŦ | Overall | H2RAs | PPIs | Absolute standardized differenceŦ | ||
| Number of participants (%) | 59,322 (100.00) | 3,933 (6.63) | 55,389 (93.36) | 7,856 (100.00) | 3,928 (50.00) | 3,928 (50.00) | |||
| Age group (years) | |||||||||
| ≤60 (%) | 39,871 (67.21) | 2,846 (72.36) | 37,025 (66.84) | 0.120Ŧ | 5,626 (71.61) | 2,841 (72.30) | 2,785 (70.90) | 0.032 | |
| >60 (%) | 19,451 (32.80) | 1,087 (27.64) | 18,364 (33.16) | 0.120Ŧ | 2,230 (28.39) | 1,087 (27.70) | 1,143 (29.10) | 0.032 | |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female (%) | 37,810 (63.74) | 2,646 (67.28) | 35,164 (63.49) | 0.080 | 5,187 (66.03) | 2,642 (67.30) | 2,545 (64.80) | 0.052 | |
| Male (%) | 21,512 (36.26) | 1,287 (32.72) | 20,225 (36.51) | 0.080 | 2,669 (33.97) | 1,286 (32.70) | 1,383 (35.20) | 0.052 | |
| Index years (Fiscal years*) | |||||||||
| 2011 (%) | 19,532 (32.92) | 686 (17.44) | 18,846 (34.02) | 0.386Ŧ | 1399 (17.81) | 686 (17.50) | 713 (18.20) | 0.018 | |
| 2012 (%) | 12,059 (20.33) | 644 (16.37) | 11,415 (20.61) | 0.109 | 1,357 (17.27) | 644 (16.4) | 713 (18.2) | 0.015 | |
| 2013 (%) | 9,101 (15.34) | 1,111 (28.25) | 7,990 (14.42) | 0.342Ŧ | 2,162 (27.52) | 1,107 (28.2) | 1,055 (26.90) | 0.030 | |
| 2014 (%) | 6,148 (10.36) | 508 (12.92) | 5,640 (10.18) | 0.086 | 1,055 (13.43) | 507 (12.90) | 548 (14.00) | 0.031 | |
| 2015 (%) | 4,948 (8.34) | 430 (10.93) | 4,518 (8.16) | 0.095 | 881 (11.21) | 430 (10.90) | 451 (11.50) | 0.017 | |
| 2016 (%) | 4,186 (7.06) | 312 (7.93) | 3,874 (6.99) | 0.036 | 592 (7.53) | 312 (7.90) | 280 (7.10) | 0.031 | |
| 2017 (%) | 3,348 (5.64) | 242 (6.15) | 3106 (5.61) | 0.023 | 500 (6.36) | 242 (6.20) | 258 (6.6) | 0.017 | |
| Charlson Co-morbidity index (IQR) |
0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.219Ŧ | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.008 | |
| Diagnoses | Diseases of esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (%) | 67 (0.11) | 2 (0.05) | 65 (0.12) | 0.023 | 10 (0.13) | 2 (0.10) | 8 (0.20) | 0.043 |
| Malignant neoplasms of digestive organs (%) | 458 (0.77) | 56 (1.42) | 402 (0.73) | 0.068 | 105 (1.34) | 56 (1.40) | 49 (1.20) | 0.016 | |
| Infectious gastroenteritis (%) | 440 (0.74) | 22 (0.56) | 418 (0.76) | 0.024 | 61 (0.78) | 22 (0.60) | 39 (1.00) | 0.049 | |
| Hypertension (%) | 10,750 (18.12) | 623 (15.97) | 10,122 (18.27) | 0.061 | 1,328 (16.90) | 627 (16.00) | 701 (17.80) | 0.050 | |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 5,421 (9.14) | 309 (7.86) | 5112 (9.23) | 0.049 | 679 (8.64) | 309 (7.90) | 370 (9.40) | 0.055 | |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 11,883 (20.03) | 618 (15.71) | 11,265 (20.34) | 0.121Ŧ | 1,343 (17.10) | 618 (15.70) | 725 (18.50) | 0.072 | |
| Renal disease (%) | 2,422 (4.08) | 147 (3.74) | 2,275 (4.11) | 0.019 | 361 (4.60) | 147 (3.70) | 214 (5.40) | 0.082 | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis (%) | 1,220 (2.06) | 37 (0.94) | 1,183 (2.14) | 0.097 | 113 (1.44) | 37 (0.90) | 76 (1.90) | 0.083 | |
| Hypomagnesemia (%) | 172 (0.29) | 1 8 (0.46) | 154 (0.28) | 0.030 | 41 (0.52) | 18 (0.50) | 23 (0.60) | 0.018 | |
| Alcohol abuse (%) | 333 (0.56) | 42 (1.07) | 291 (0.52) | 0.061 | 78 (0.99) | 42 (1.10) | 36 (0.90) | 0.015 | |
| Smoking abuse (%) | 1 (0.002) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.002) | 0.006 | 1 (0.01) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.00) | 0.023 | |
| Co-prescription | Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) (%) | 3,427 (5.78) | 191 (4.86) | 3,236 (5.84) | 0.044 | 471 (5.99) | 191 (4.90) | 280 (7.10) | 0.096 |
| Angiotensin Type II receptor antagonist (AIIA) (%) | 1,408 (2.37) | 75 (1.91) | 1,333 (2.41) | 0.034 | 163 (2.07) | 75 (1.90) | 88 (2.20) | 0.023 | |
| Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) (%) | 5,555 (9.36) | 392 (9.97) | 5,163 (9.32) | 0.022 | 714 (9.09) | 392 (10.00) | 322 (8.20) | 0.062 | |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (%) | 33,204 (55.97) | 929 (23.62) | 32,275 (58.27) | 0.753Ŧ | 1,953 (24.86) | 929 (23.70) | 1024 (26.10) | 0.056 | |
| Steroids (%) | 6,828 (11.51) | 994 (25.27) | 5,834 (10.53) | 0.392Ŧ | 1,898 (24.16) | 989 (25.20) | 909 (23.10) | 0.048 | |
| Diuretics (%) | 4,738 (7.99) | 253 (6.43) | 4,485 (8.10) | 0.064 | 590 (7.51) | 253 (6.40) | 337 (8.60) | 0.081 | |
| Statins (%) | 8,696 (14.66) | 528 (13.42) | 8169 (14.75) | 0.038 | 1093 (13.91) | 528 (13.40) | 565 (14.40) | 0.027 | |
| Digoxin (%) | 482 (0.81) | 19 (0.48) | 463 (0.84) | 0.044 | 57 (0.73) | 19 (0.50) | 38 (1.00) | 0.057 | |
| Aminoglycosides (%) | 385 (0.65) | 28 (0.71) | 357 (0.64) | 0.008 | 69 (0.88) | 28 (0.70) | 41 (1.00) | 0.035 | |
| Number of hospital visits (IQR) | 3 (1–7) | 4 (2–9) | 3 (1–7) | 0.157Ŧ | 3 (1–7) | 4 (2–9) | 3 (1–7) | 0.004 | |
| Blood pressure** | |||||||||
| Systolic (SD) | 129.02 (19.83) | 126.02 (19.11) | 129.23 (19.86) | 0.165Ŧ | 126.67 (19.55) | 126.03 (19.11) | 127.29 (19.96) | 0.065 | |
| Diastolic (SD) | 76.69 (14.25) | 75.91 (15.70) | 76.74 (14.14) | 0.055 | 75.99 (14.30) | 75.91 (15.71) | 76.07 (12.72) | 0.011 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) (SD) | Number of participants (%) = 9,123 (15.38) | 24.98 (4.76) | 26.21 (5.93) | 24.73 (4.45) | 0.281Ŧ | 25.63 (5.56) | 26.21 (5.94) | 24.51 (4.52) | 0.322Ŧ |
Notes:
PPIs, proton pump inhibitors; H2RAs, Histamine-2-receptor antagonists; IQR, Interquartile Range; SD, Standard Deviation; BMI, Body Mass Index
Ŧ
Standardized difference = difference in means or proportions divided by standard error; imbalanced defined as absolute value greater than 0.10
*
Thai Fiscal year: October 1st -September 30th
**
Imputed blood pressure by sex and age from n (%) = 51,948 (87.57) vs 51,943 (87.56) for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively.