Table 1.
Participant and Covariate Characteristics of Interest, Stratified by Beck Anxiety Inventory Score (≥16 vs. <16).
| Variable | Value | Total (n = 268) | Anxiety status | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High (n = 176) | Low (n = 92) | ||||
| Assigned OAT | Buprenorphine | 138 (51%) | 98 (56%) | 40 (43%) | 0.077 |
| Methadone | 130 (49%) | 78 (44%) | 52 (57%) | ||
| Region | Alberta | 78 (29%) | 60 (34%) | 18 (20%) | 0.055 |
| Quebec | 72 (27%) | 42 (24%) | 30 (33%) | ||
| Ontario | 52 (19%) | 30 (17%) | 22 (24%) | ||
| British Columbia | 66 (25%) | 44 (25%) | 22 (24%) | ||
| Lifetime heroin use | Yes | 183 (68%) | 124 (70%) | 59 (64%) | 0.359 |
| No | 85 (32%) | 52 (30%) | 33 (36%) | ||
| Age (years) | Q1 | 31 | 31 | 30.75 | 0.537* |
| Median | 38 | 38 | 37.5 | ||
| Q3 | 46 | 44 | 49 | ||
| Gender identity | Man | 173 (65%) | 103 (59%) | 70 (76%) | 0 . 007 |
| Women, transgender, or other | 95 (35%) | 73 (41%) | 22 (24%) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | White | 179 (67%) | 112 (63%) | 67 (73%) | 0.164 |
| Black, indigenous, and people of colour | 86 (32%) | 62 (35%) | 24 (26%) | ||
| Current homelessness | Yes | 123 (46%) | 92 (52%) | 31 (34%) | 0.006 |
| No | 137 (51%) | 79 (45%) | 58 (63%) | ||
| High school education or higher | Yes | 218 (81%) | 143 (81%) | 75 (82%) | 0.947 |
| No | 49 (18%) | 33 (19%) | 16 (17%) | ||
| Severe opioid use disorder | Yes | 262 (98%) | 173 (98%) | 89 (97%) | 0.702 |
| No | 6 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 3 (3%) | ||
| Lifetime opioid agonist therapy use | Yes | 151 (56%) | 102 (58%) | 49 (53%) | 0.545 |
| No | 117 (44%) | 74 (42%) | 43 (47%) | ||
| Pain severity score | Q1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | <0.001* |
| Median | 3 | 4 | 0 | ||
| Q3 | 6 | 6 | 4 | ||
| Pain interference score | Q1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | <0.001* |
| Median | 3 | 5 | 0 | ||
| Q3 | 7 | 7 | 3 | ||
| UDT, opioids | Positive | 252 (94%) | 165 (94%) | 87 (95%) | 0.867 |
| Negative | 14 (5%) | 10 (6%) | 4 (4%) | ||
| UDT, stimulants | Positive | 176 (66%) | 123 (70%) | 53 (58%) | 0.057 |
| Negative | 89 (33%) | 51 (29%) | 38 (41%) | ||
| UDT, cannabinoids | Positive | 122 (46%) | 75 (43%) | 47 (51%) | 0.217 |
| Negative | 144 (54%) | 100 (57%) | 44 (48%) | ||
| UDT, benzodiazepines | Positive | 39 (15%) | 29 (16%) | 10 (11%) | 0.299 |
| Negative | 227 (85%) | 146 (83%) | 81 (88%) | ||
| Alcohol intoxication in the last 30 days | Yes | 44 (16%) | 28 (16%) | 16 (17%) | 0.891 |
| No | 224 (84%) | 148 (84%) | 76 (83%) | ||
Note. OAT = opioid agonist therapy; UDT = urine drug test. For housing instability, participants were asked to describe their housing stability. Again, we dichotomized “unstable” as responses to “very unstable” or “a little unstable” and the rest as “stable.” For P-values, those with an asterisk (*) were obtained using the Mann–Whitney test, while the remainder used the chi-square association test. Bold indicates that the p-values were statistically significant.