Table 3.
Generalized estimating equation models of the comparison of caregivers’ outcome between the intervention and control groups.
| Outcomes | Time | Intervention Mean (SD) | Control Mean (SD) | Group effect at T0 |
Time effect in control arm |
Group∗Time effect |
Between groups |
Cohen's d | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | Wald χ2 | p | β (95% CI) | p | |||||
| Primary outcomes | ||||||||||||
| CC to self-care maintenance | −4.067 (−10.139, 2.005) | 0.189 | 10.196 | 0.017 | ||||||||
| T1 | 62.26 (19.51) | 55.09 (18.46) | −2.357 (−7.769, 3.054) | 0.393 | 11.260 (3.060, 19.459) | 0.007 | 0.38 | |||||
| T2 | 60.67 (17.67) | 55.73 (19.22) | −2.113 (−8.355, 4.128) | 0.507 | 9.408 (0.980, 17.836) | 0.029 | 0.27 | |||||
| T3 | 59.87 (16.57) | 56.46 (20.08) | −0.364 (−2.612, 1.885) | 0.751 | 6.352 (0.138, 12.565) | 0.045 | 0.19 | |||||
| CC to symptom perception | −0.183 (−6.035, 5.668) | 0.951 | 7.213 | 0.065 | ||||||||
| T1 | 55.99 (15.25) | 46.52 (19.84) | −1.160 (−7.728, 5.409) | 0.729 | 9.663 (1.619, 17.707) | 0.019 | 0.54 | |||||
| T2 | 54.22 (16.29) | 45.19 (20.36) | −2.500 (−9.456, 4.457) | 0.481 | 9.229 (0.439, 18.019) | 0.040 | 0.49 | |||||
| T3 | 52.04 (17.51) | 46.02 (19.74) | −1.461 (−8.609, 5.688) | 0.689 | 6.154 (−2.616, 14.924) | 0.169 | 0.32 | |||||
| CC to self-care management | −3.115 (−8.758, 2.528) | 0.279 | 7.136 | 0.004 | ||||||||
| T1 | 66.48 (19.41) | 60.27 (17.37) | 0.778 (−4.990, 6.546) | 0.791 | 9.326 (1.087, 17.564) | 0.027 | 0.34 | |||||
| T2 | 63.96 (18.50) | 58.35 (16.78) | −1.133 (−6.927, 4.660) | 0.701 | 8.716 (0.850, 16.582) | 0.030 | 0.32 | |||||
| T3 | 62.43 (18.20) | 57.51 (16.04) | −2.142 (−7.424, 3.141) | 0.427 | 8.077 (−0.346, 16.500) | 0.060 | 0.29 | |||||
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||||||||
| Dyadic coping inventory (DCI) | −0.606 (−5.624, 4.413) | 0.813 | 12.369 | 0.006 | ||||||||
| T1 | 117.15 (14.77) | 111.33 (14.92) | −0.767 (−2.039, 0.504) | 0.237 | 5.968 (0.786, 11.149) | 0.024 | 0.39 | |||||
| T2 | 115.58 (16.09) | 112.37 (13.89) | −0.247 (−1.310, 0.816) | 0.649 | 3.967 (1.300, 6.633) | 0.004 | 0.21 | |||||
| T3 | 116.38 (13.67) | 110.64 (13.94) | −1.758 (−4.169, 0.654) | 0.153 | 6.003 (0.176, 11.829) | 0.043 | 0.42 | |||||
| Dyadic relationship (MS) | 2.085 (−0.093, 4.262) | 0.061 | 17.043 | 0.001 | ||||||||
| T1 | 43.48 (6.40) | 37.02 (5.86) | −0.534 (−1.883, 0.816) | 0.438 | 4.377 (1.997, 6.758) | <0.001 | 1.05 | |||||
| T2 | 41.52 (7.47) | 38.03 (6.80) | 0.483 (−0.634, 1.600) | 0.397 | 1.406 (−1.612, 4.425) | 0.361 | 0.49 | |||||
| T3 | 42.29 (5.98) | 35.40 (5.40) | −2.153 (−3.860, −0.446) | 0.013 | 4.812 (1.914, 7.711) | 0.001 | 1.21 | |||||
| Anxiety (SAS) | 1.535 (−1.268, 4.338) | 0.283 | 14.007 | 0.003 | ||||||||
| T1 | 28.96 (8.35) | 31.38 (7.08) | 0.166 (−0.355, 0.687) | 0.532 | −3.947 (−4.880, −3.014) | <0.001 | −0.31 | |||||
| T2 | 30.06 (8.90) | 32.05 (6.84) | 0.709 (−0.239, 1.658) | 0.143 | −3.510 (−4.714, −2.307) | <0.001 | −0.25 | |||||
| T3 | 31.02 (9.07) | 31.26 (7.29) | −0.389 (−1.129, 0.351) | 0.303 | −1.648 (−3.062, −0.234) | 0.022 | −0.03 | |||||
| Depression (SDS) | 0.831 (−1.220, 2.882) | 0.427 | 20.998 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| T1 | 28.94 (6.57) | 31.94 (7.03) | −0.434 (−2.123, 1.254) | 0.614 | −3.836 (−5.760, −1.912) | <0.001 | −0.44 | |||||
| T2 | 30.14 (8.33) | 32.97 (6.88) | 0.684 (−0.873, 2.240) | 0.389 | −3.727 (−6.123, −1.332) | 0.020 | −0.37 | |||||
| T3 | 29.21 (9.27) | 33.53 (7.11) | 1.072 (−0.347, 2.491) | 0.139 | −5.035 (−7.487, −2.583) | <0.001 | −0.52 | |||||
Note: T1: 4 weeks, T2: 12 weeks, T3: 24 weeks; β: regression coefficient; CC to self-care maintenance: Caregiver Contribution to self-care maintenance; CC to symptom perception: Caregiver Contribution to symptom perception.
CC to self-care management: Caregiver Contribution to self-care management; DCI: Dyadic coping inventory; MS: the mutuality scale; SAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale.