Table 2.
Associations between drug exposures and immune hemolytic anemia occurrence using the case-control and the CCO designs in the AHEAD cohort
| Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification and drug | Sources of the signal | Case-control analysis (4746 cases and 22 447 controls) |
Case-crossover analysis (n = 4419 cases) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed cases | Exposed controls | aOR∗ (95% CI) | Exposed during case period / unexposed during control period | Unexposed during case period / exposed during control period | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Class A: alimentary tract and metabolism | |||||||
| Ranitidine | Garratty et al | 21 | 33 | 2.5 (1.4-4.5) | 13 | 6 | 2.2 (0.8-5.7) |
| Insulin | Garratty et al | 171 | 409 | 1.7 (1.5-2.0) | 39 | 49 | 1.0 (0.6-1.6) |
| Glibenclamide | Vigibase | 19 | 80 | 1.3 (0.7-2.1) | 4 | 4 | — |
| Repaglinide | Vigibase | 54 | 201 | 1.2 (0.9-1.6) | 12 | 7 | 1.7 (0.9-4.4) |
| Class C: cardiovascular system | |||||||
| Methyldopa | Garratty et al | 7 | 5 | 9.9 (2.4-41.6) | 0 | 0 | — |
| Urapidil | Vigibase | 61 | 167 | 1.5 (1.1-2.1) | 12 | 7 | 1.7 (0.7-4.4) |
| Hydrochlorothiazide | Garratty et al | 59 | 197 | 1.4 (1.1-2.0) | 17 | 14 | 1.2 (0.6-2.5) |
| Furosemide | Garratty et al | 668 | 1421 | 2.0 (1.8-2.2) | 126 | 66 | 1.9 (1.4-2.6) |
| Lercanidipine | Vigibase | 154 | 662 | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) | 25 | 40 | 0.6 (0.4-1.0) |
| Captopril | Garratty et al | 9 | 43 | 1.2 (0.6-2.6) | 3 | 2 | — |
| Class G: genito-urinary system and sex hormones | |||||||
| Serenoa repens | Vigibase | 62 | 223 | 1.4 (1.0-1.8) | 19 | 19 | 1.0 (0.5-1.9) |
| Class H: systemic hormonal preparations, excluding sex hormones and insulins | |||||||
| Hydrocortisone | Garratty et al | 19 | 35 | 2.3 (1.3-4.1) | 10 | 7 | 1.4 (0.5-3.8) |
| Carbimazole | Garratty et al | 9 | 38 | 0.9 (0.4-2.0) | 2 | 7 | — |
| Class J: anti-infective for systemic use | |||||||
| Amoxicillin | Garratty et al | 495 | 880 | 2.7 (2.4-3.1) | 411 | 192 | 2.1 (1.8-2.5) |
| Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid | Garratty et al | 226 | 316 | 3.1 (2.6-3.8) | 193 | 78 | 2.5 (1.9-3.2) |
| Cloxacillin | Garratty et al | 14 | 29 | 1.5 (0.7-3.2) | 11 | 1 | 11.0 (1.4-85.2) |
| Cefuroxime | Garratty et al | 18 | 58 | 1.3 (0.7-2.3) | 16 | 9 | 1.8 (0.8-4.0) |
| Ceftriaxone | Garratty et al | 51 | 54 | 3.3 (2.2-5.1) | 42 | 16 | 2.6 (1.5-4.7) |
| Cefixime | Garratty et al | 50 | 77 | 2.7 (1.8-3.9) | 45 | 13 | 3.5 (1.9-6.4) |
| Cefpodoxime | Vigibase | 43 | 99 | 1.9 (1.3-2.7) | 37 | 17 | 2.2 (1.2-3.9) |
| Sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim† | Vigibase | 44 | 57 | 3.2 (2.1-4.9) | 32 | 8 | 4.0 (1.8-8.7) |
| Ciprofloxacin | Garratty et al | 50 | 57 | 3.8 (2.6-5.7) | 42 | 20 | 2.1 (1.2-3.6) |
| Norfloxacin | Garratty et al | 34 | 59 | 2.5 (1.6-3.8) | 25 | 11 | 2.3 (1.1-4.6) |
| Levofloxacin | Garratty et al | 31 | 65 | 2.3 (1.5-3.6) | 12 | 9 | 1.3 (0.6-3.2) |
| Ofloxacin | Garratty et al | 14 | 37 | 1.6 (0.9-3.0) | 27 | 20 | 1.4 (0.8-2.4) |
| Nitrofurantoin | Garratty et al | 14 | 36 | 1.8 (0.9-3.5) | 12 | 8 | 1.5 (0.6-3.7) |
| Amphotericin B | Garratty et al | 34 | 38 | 3.5 (2.1-5.8) | 26 | 10 | 2.6 (1.3-5.4) |
| Fluconazole | Garratty et al | 26 | 53 | 1.4 (0.8-2.5) | 21 | 5 | 4.2 (1.6-11.1) |
| Rifampicin | Garratty et al | 6 | 0 | — | 3 | 1 | — |
| Acyclovir | Garratty et al | 45 | 124 | 1.5 (1.1-2.2) | 33 | 23 | 1.4 (0.8-2.4) |
| Class L: antineoplastics and immunomodulating agents | |||||||
| Interferon | Garratty et al | 5 | 5 | 2.6 (0.6-11.2) | 1 | 0 | — |
| Mycophenolic acid | Vigibase | 13 | 8 | 5.4 (2.0-15.0) | 3 | 3 | — |
| Ciclosporin | Garratty et al | 13 | 4 | 11.6 (3.0-45.7) | 1 | 1 | — |
| Tacrolimus | Garratty et al | 24 | 5 | 11.5 (3.8-34.5) | 2 | 0 | — |
| Azathioprine | Vigibase | 27 | 14 | 8.6 (4.5-16.5) | 12 | 3 | 4.0 (1.1-14.2) |
| Hydroxycarbamide | Vigibase | 19 | 29 | 3.3 (1.8-6.1) | 4 | 6 | — |
| Class M: musculo-skeletal system | |||||||
| Diclofenac | Garratty et al | 73 | 266 | 1.4 (1.1-1.9) | 59 | 38 | 1.6 (1.0-2.3) |
| Etodolac | Garratty et al | 6 | 7 | 3.7 (1.2-11.4) | 5 | 2 | 2.5 (0.5-12.9) |
| Ibuprofen | Garratty et al | 140 | 467 | 1.5 (1.2-1.9) | 114 | 63 | 1.8 (1.3-2.5) |
| Naproxen | Garratty et al | 28 | 140 | 1.0 (0.7-1.5) | 28 | 31 | 0.9 (0.5-1.5) |
| Etoricoxib | Garratty et al | 6 | 21 | 1.3 (0.5-3.3) | 3 | 7 | — |
| Nabumetone | Garratty et al | 11 | 34 | 1.6 (0.8-3.0) | 10 | 3 | 3.3 (0.9-12.1) |
| Allopurinol | Vigibase | 176 | 747 | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) | 25 | 17 | 1.5 (0.8-2.7) |
| Class N: nervous system | |||||||
| Acetylsalicylic acid | Garratty et al | 781 | 3083 | 1.1 (1.0-1.2) | 117 | 90 | 1.3 (1.0-1.7) |
| Acetaminophen | Garratty et al | 1572 | 5221 | 1.5 (1.4-1.7) | 727 | 439 | 1.7 (1.5-1.9) |
| Levodopa (in association) | Garratty et al | 61 | 191 | 1.4 (1.0-1.9) | 5 | 3 | 1.7 (0.4-7.0) |
| Apomorphine | Vigibase | 10 | 4 | 16.1 (4.2-62.2) | 0 | 0 | — |
| Class V: various | |||||||
| Deferasirox | Vigibase | 11 | 1 | — | 5 | 2 | 2.5 (0.5-12.9) |
| Iomeprol | Garratty et al | 48 | 48 | 3.8 (2.5-6.0) | 40 | 18 | 2.2 (1.3-3.9) |
∗
Adjusted on Charlson comorbidity index (cases and controls matched on age, sex, and area of residency).
†
Marketed in France only in association: the risks associated with each drug cannot be measured individually.