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. 2024 Feb 18;14:4029. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-54342-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Maize damage (a) and its severity score (b) by FAW at different crop phenological growth stages (n = 124). Dispersion of observed values of damage incidence (plant damage %) and its severity score in different crop growth stages represented in box plot diagrams. Significant variation (p < 0.0001) observed in damage incidence and severity score among crop growth phenological stages viz. early-whorl, late-whorl and reproductive stages. Tukey HSD at 5% interval also confirms significant variation between early-whorl and late-whorl stages (p = 0.0002, p < 0.0001), early-whorl and reproductive stages (p < 0.0001), and late-whorl and reproductive stages (p < 0.0001). Early growth stages suffered the highest damage incidence 38.19 ± 1.30% (8–65%), along with a severity score 3.98 ± 0.14 (1.00–7.00).