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. 2024 Feb 18;14:4029. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-54342-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Parasitism rate of FAW (a) across the Indian Eastern Gangetic Plains (n = 93, p < 0.0001) and (b) affected by applying chemical insecticides (n = 93, p = 0.0017). Birbhum district showed the highest parasitism rate 30.90 ± 2.55% (0.0–59.09%). Crop growth stages without applying chemical insecticides also recorded significantly higher parasitism rates, with the highest rate of 12.90 ± 1.63% (0.0–59.09%) observed in the early whorl stage.