Table 1. Patient selection for concomitant AF ablation.

	Paroxysmal AF	Persistent AF	LSPAF <5 years	LSPAF >5 years
AF symptoms	Yes or no	Yes or no	Yes or no	Yes
LAVI <34 mL/m2	PVI + LAAO	PVI + box + LAAO	PVI + box + LAAO
		LA open → + mitral isthmus line	LA open → + mitral isthmus line
			RA dilated → biatrial maze
LAVI >34 mL/m2	PVI + box + LAAO	PVI + box + LAAO	PVI + box + LAAO
		LA open → + mitral isthmus line	LA open → + mitral isthmus line
			RA dilated → biatrial maze
LAVI >70 mL/m2	PVI + box + LAAO	No ablation	No ablation

AF, atrial fibrillation; LSPAF, longstanding persistent AF; LAVI, left atrial volume index; PVI, pulmonary vein isolation; LAAO, left atrial appendage occlusion; box, left atrial posterior wall; RA, right atrium.