Table 2.
Summary of findings
| Intervention (1st, 2nd, 3rd tiers) | SRs (n) | SRs (low confidence SRs in parenthesis) | Overall findings* | ||
| 1st tier | 2nd tier | 3rd tier | |||
| A. Caregiver-oriented interventions | AA. Information and education | AA1. Sustained sensitisation and education campaigns | 1 | (34) | None (low confidence evidence) |
| AA2. Short-term sensitisation and education campaigns | 12 | 6 8 9 11 12 35 (36–41 | Positive and statistically significant | ||
| AA3. Public information campaigns | 3 | (41–43) | None (low confidence evidence) | ||
| AB. Incentives and motivation | AB1. Material/monetary incentives for caregivers | 12 | 11 44 45 (36 38 46–52) | Mixed effects | |
| AB3. Automated voice messages to caregivers | 1 | (53) | None (low confidence evidence) | ||
| AB4. Written or pictorial messages (SMS, stickers, flyers, etc) to caregivers | 13 | 5 10 54–57 (36 38 39 48 53 58 59) | Positive and statistically significant | ||
| AB5. Changes to health system user fees | 1 | (60) | None (low confidence evidence) | ||
| B. Health system oriented | BA. Education and training | BA1. Formal health worker training and education | 3 | 11 (38 51) | Limited evidence |
| BB. Planning, implementation, monitoring | BB5. Outreach to vulnerable populations (hard to reach, etc) | 3 | 11 (36 43) | Limited evidence | |
| BB7. Home visits | 5 | 11 61 (41 62 63) | Positive | ||
| BC. Supplementary immunisation activities | BC1. National/subnational immunisation days | 2 | (37 62) | None (low confidence evidence) | |
| BD. Incentives and motivation | BD1. Material/monetary incentives for health workers | 1 | (41) | None (low confidence evidence) | |
| BD4. Written or pictorial messages to health workers | 1 | (46) | None (low confidence evidence) | ||
| BD5. Pay-for-performance schemes | 5 | 7 64 (46 65 66) | Mixed effects | ||
| BF. Health system governance, policies and financing | BF1. Health system strategic planning | 7 | 11 (43 46 48 67–69) | Limited evidence | |
| BF4. Health system financing | 3 | 70 71 (72) | Inconclusive | ||
| BG. Technology and mHealth | BG1. New Health Management Information System (HMIS) /dashboard systems | 3 | (39 73 74) | None (low confidence evidence) | |
| C. Other community member oriented | CA. Other community member oriented | CA1. Faith-based outreach/outreach using local leaders | 1 | (38) | None (low confidence evidence) |
| D. Community level | DA. Communication and dialogue | DA1. Collaborating with whole community | 1 | 75 | Limited evidence |
| DA2. Collaborating with selected community groups and networks | 1 | 76 | Limited evidence | ||
| F. Multicomponent | 1† | 29 30 | Positive and statistically significant | ||
*In the last column, ‘overall findings’ are summarised from evidence as reported in the systematic reviews, qualitative and quantitative findings, and quantitative findings from review of reviews (RoR). Kindly refer to online supplemental appendix 9 for the expanded version of this table.
†Apart from Jain et al,29 30 there were 25 systematic reviews that assessed the effects of more than one intervention that are not part of this table. Of these reviews, the majority (18) were low confidence SRs and the intervention components were heterogenous. We provide a summary of Jain et al29 30 in this table because it is one of the only included SRs that assessed community engagement interventions. Intervention and outcome codes are taken from online supplemental appendix 1.
SMS, short message service; SR, systematic review.