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. 2024 Feb 7;12:1354717. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1354717

Table 1.

Study characteristics.

Article # Primary Author/Year Study design Sample size Study population Age range Study purpose Type of SDOH SDOH category based on HP 2030 Association between SDOH and Outcome (Significant/non-significant)* Type of methodology/Analysis used
1 Agenor et al. (2020) Cross-sectional study n = 45,031 National Health Interview Survey Female Respondents 40–75 years old To examine odds in receiving a mammogram in relationship to sexual orientation across racial/ethnic groups Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Significant Adjusted Wald tests, Logistic regression
Sexual orientation Social and community context Significant
2 Agrawal et al. (2021) Cross-sectional study n = 919 African American church going women from Houston, Texas 40–86 years old To examine factors associated with adherence to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network breast cancer screening guidelines Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Significant T-test, Chi-square, Logistic regression
3 Alabdullatif et al. (2022) Cross-sectional study n = 94,290 National Health Interview Survey female respondents ≥40 years old To examine the association between IT based health care communication and mammography utilization as modified by race/ethnicity/age Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Significant Logistic regression, Trend analysis
Age
4 Alatrash et al. (2021) Cross-sectional study n = 316 Muslim and Christian Arab American Women from Jordan, Lebanon, and Egypt ≥40 years old To examine associations of sociodemographic characteristics with perceived benefits and barriers to mammogram screening Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Significant Fishers exact test, Bonferroni post hoc test, Chi-square test, and OR test
5 Anderson et al. (2014) Cross-sectional study n = 138 Central cancer registry data linked to Medicare claims from three Appalachian states (Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky) ≥65 years old To examine the relationship of an area-based measure of breast cancer screening and geographic area deprivation on the incidence of later stage breast cancer across a diverse region of Appalachia Economic status Economic stability Significant Exploratory spatial data analysis, multivariate regression, and linear regression
Insurance status Health care access and quality Significant
6 Asgary et al. (2014) Cross-sectional study n = 100 Homeless women that received services at Barbara Kleinman Shelter in Brooklyn and Bowery Residence Committee’s Safe Haven at least three times between 2010 and 2012 50–74 years old To evaluate and compare rates and predictors of mammograms in homeless and low-income domicile patients Income Economic stability Non-significant T-test, Multivariable logistic regression
Insurance status Health care access and quality Non-significant
Housing Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant
Race Social and community context Non-significant
Age Social and community context Non-significant
Access to provider counseling Health care access and quality Significant
History of mental illness Social and community context Non-significant
Substance/alcohol abuse Social and community context Non-significant
HIV status Social and community context Non-significant
7 Ayanian et al. (2013) Cross-sectional study n = 577,316 Medicaid beneficiaries in 2009 65–69 years old To examine use of mammography in relation to race/ethnicity in Medicare health maintenance organizations, PPO, and traditional Medicare Income Economic stability Significant Logistic regression
Insurance status Health care access and quality Significant
Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
Area of residence Neighborhood and built environment Significant
8 Balazy et al. (2019) Retrospective Cohort study n = 1,057 Single institution women undergoing breast radiotherapy from 2012 to 2017 56–60 years old To examine whether non-English speaking patients present at a later stage than their respective English-speaking counterparts and whether language is associated with mammographic screening Language Social and community context Significant Ordinal logistic regression, Trend analysis
Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
Age Social and community context Significant
9 Beaber et al. (2016) Cohort study n = 3,413 Women from Geisel School of Medicine and Brigham and Women’s Hospital primary care networks from 2011 to 2013 ≥40 years old To evaluate factors influencing when women begin screening after turning 40 years of age within a network of primary care practices Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Non-significant Kaplan–Meier cumulative incidence, Cox proportional hazards regression
Access to healthcare providers Health care access and quality Significant
Health insurance Health care access and quality Significant
Household income Economic stability Significant
Zip code Neighborhood and built environment Significant
10 Beaber et al. (2019) Cohort study n = 51,241 10 PROSPR sites with women receiving first mammograms in 2011 50–74 years old To evaluate multilevel predictors of non-adherence among screened women Age Social and community context Significant Logistic regression, Multivariable analysis
Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
Zip code Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant
Median income Economic stability Non-significant
11 Calo et al. (2016) Cross-sectional study n = 1,541 Participants of 2010 Houston Survey and contextual data from United States Census 40–74 years old To evaluate associations between area level socioeconomic measures and mammography screening among a racially and ethnically diverse sample of women in Texas Age Social and community context Significant Chi-square test, Two level random intercept regression model, Bivariate analysis, and Multivariable analyses
Insurance Health care access and quality Significant
Income Economic stability Significant
Education Education access and quality Significant
Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
Housing Neighborhood and built environment Significant
12 Castaneda et al. (2014) Cross-sectional study n = 208 Survey through UCSD health system ≥40 years old To examine factors associated with mammography screening utilization among middle-aged Latinas Age Social and community context Significant Exploratory factor analysis, Logistic regression
Income Economic stability Significant
Education Education access and quality Significant
Language Social and community context Significant
Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
13 Cataneo et al. (2022) Cross-sectional study n = 22,825 LEP and English-speaking female participants who filled the NHIS survey in 2015 40–75 years old To evaluate the impact of limited language proficiency in screening for breast cancer Language Social and community context Significant Linear regression, Chi-square test, and Stepwise multivariate regression analysis
Income Economic stability Significant
Insurance Health care access and quality Significant
Access to primary care providers Health care access and quality Significant
Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
14 Chandak et al. (2019) Retrospective cross-sectional study n = 7,673 Women diagnosed with breast cancer between 2008 and 2012 as noted in the Nebraska Cancer Registry 40–70 years old To examine rural–urban differences in access to breast cancer screening in a predominantly rural Midwestern state in the United States Geographic location Neighborhood and community context Significant Spatial analysis, Hot spot analysis
Access to mammography facilities Health care access and quality Significant
Age Social and community context Significant
15 Christensen et al. (2023) Retrospective cross-sectional study n = 457,476 5% sample of American Indian and White women receiving Medicare fee-for-service in AZ, CA, NY, MX, OK, and WA 40–89 years old To examine the impact of urbanicity and income on receiving mammography for American Indian women compared with that for White women Race Social and community context Significant Multivariable logistic regression analysis, Linear regression
Income Economic stability Significant
Neighborhood Neighborhood and built environment Significant
16 Clark et al. (2017) Cohort study n = 48,234 Women who received digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) from 22 primary care centers in the Dartmouth-Brigham and Women’s Hospital Population-based Research Optimizing Screening through Personalized Regimens research center (PROSPR) 49–65 years old To examine DBT trends and estimated associations with insurance type Insurance type Health care access and quality Significant Descriptive statistics, Repeated measures analysis using generalized estimating equations (GEE)
Zip code Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant
Race Social and community context Non-significant
Neighborhood household income Neighborhood and built environment/Economic stability Non-significant
Age Social and community context Non-significant
17 Clarke et al. (2019) Cross-sectional study n = 29,951 Women who participated in the 2005, 2008, 2010, 2013, and 2015 National Health Interview Survey 50–74 years old To present national estimates of mammography screening among women by nativity, birthplace, and percentage of lifetime living in the United States (U.S.) Birthplace Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant Descriptive Statistics, Two-sided t tests
Citizenship Social and community context Non-significant
Length of time in the United States Social and community context Non-significant
Age Social and community context Non-significant
Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Non-significant
Educational attainment Education access and quality Non-significant
Poverty status Economic stability Non-significant
Health insurance Health Care Access and Quality Non-Significant
18 Davis et al. (2017) Cross-sectional study n = 758 Patients presenting to radiology department for routine screening mammography from December 2016 to February 2017 > 40 years old To clarify why late screening might occur in an at-risk population Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Significant Descriptive statistics, Univariate logistic regression, and Multivariate logistic regression
Age Social and community context Significant
Employment status Economic stability Significant
Income Economic stability Significant
Insurance status Health care access and quality Significant
Access to mammography Health care access and quality Significant
Education level Education access and quality Significant
19 Dong et al. (2022) Case–control study n = 33,537 Patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer from the Ohio Cancer Incidence Surveillance System between 2010 and 2017 40–64 years old To examine whether there were reductions in geospatial disparities in advanced stage breast cancer at diagnosis in Ohio after Medicaid expansion Area of residence Neighborhood and built environment Significant Space–time scan statistic in SaTScan
Household income Economic stability Significant
Medicaid coverage Health care access and quality Significant
Education level Education access and quality Significant
Household vehicle availability Economic stability/Social and community context Significant
Insurance coverage Health care access and quality Significant
20 Duggan et al. (2019) Cross-sectional study n = 240 Residents of two adjacent rural counties in Lower Yakima Valley in eastern Washington state who self-identify as Latina or Non-Latina white ≥40 years old To examine county-level difference, stratified by ethnicity, of predictor of breast-screening utilization in rural underserved communities Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Non-significant Multivariate logistic regression
Education level Education access and quality Significant
Income Economic stability Non-significant
County of residence Neighborhood and built environment Significant
Access to clinic Health care access and quality Significant
Age Social and community context Significant
21 Elkin et al. (2014) Cross-sectional study n = 1,749 Adult women attending mammography facilities certified by the FDA under the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) in six states in 2011 ≥ 40 To survey certified mammography facilities in CA, CT, GA, IA, NM, and NY regarding wait times for next available screening, availability of evening and weekend appointments and digital mammography, and insurance copayment requirements Access to mammography facilities Health care access and quality Significant Chi-square tests
Insurance copayments Health care access and quality Significant
22 Fedewa et al. (2016) Cross-sectional study n = 18,459 Women aged ≥40 years from the 2008 and 2013 National Health Interview Surveys ≥ 40 years old To examine changes in nationwide mammography prevalence and physician recommendation among younger (≥ 40) and older (≥ 75) women by insurance and SES before and after the 2009 USPSTF BC screening guidelines Insurance status Health care access and quality Significant (for younger women) Chi-square tests, Logistic regression models
Income Economic stability Significant (for younger women)
Age Social and community context Significant (for younger women)
Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Significant (for younger women)
Birthplace Neighborhood and built environment Significant (for younger women)
Education Education access and quality Significant (for younger women)
23 Flores et al. (2018) Cohort study n = 9,575 Women who underwent screening mammography in 2005 at Harvard Medical School’s main campus and all affiliated community imaging sites 50–64 years old To evaluate the association between PCP, contact and longitudinal adherence with screening mammography guidelines over a 10-year period across different racial/ethnic groups Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Non-significant Generalized estimating equations, Logistic regression, Linear regression, and Wald chunk tests
Age Social and community context Non-significant
Primary language Social and community context Non-significant
Insurance status Health care access and quality Significant
Level of primary care physician interaction Health care access and quality Significant
24 Guo et al. (2019) Cohort study n = 3,911 African American participants of the Study on Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) 45–63 years old To analyze economic, social, and psychological factors associated with African American women’s adherence to the recommended breast cancer screening guidelines during their mid-age period Age Social and community context Significant Multinomial logistic regression
Quality of life Social and community context Significant
Employment Economic stability Significant
Education Education access and quality Significant
Family income Economic stability Significant
Access to healthcare provider Health care access and quality Significant
Transportation access Neighborhood and built environment Significant
25 Henderson et al. (2015) Cohort study n = 256,470 Black and white female patients enrolled in the Carolina Mammography Registry from 2005 to 2010 ≥ 40 years old To determine if digital screening mammography performs equally well in black and white women Race Social and community context Non-significant Computed mammography sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV1), random effects logistic regression model, and Chi-square test
Education level Education access and quality Non-significant
Rural/urban area of residence Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant
Age Social and community context Non-significant
26 Henderson et al. (2020) Cross-sectional study n = 393,430 Women ages ≥40 years receiving screening mammography across three Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium registries from 2012 to 2017 ≥ 40 years old To evaluate barriers to receiving health care, focusing on caretaker responsibilities, health insurance and cost, and transportation Age Social and community context Significant Chi-square tests, Multivariate logistic regression, and Wald test
Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
Education Education access and quality Significant
Family/Personal history of breast cancer Social and community context Significant
Income Economic stability Significant
Health insurance costs Health care access and quality Significant
Internet access Neighborhood and built environment Significant
Local unemployment rate Economic stability Significant
English language proficiency Social and community context/education access and quality Significant
27 Henry et al. (2014) Cross-sectional study n = 5,197 Women who received mammography from 2008 to 2010 according to the Utah Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 40–74 years old To investigate possible pre-disposing and enabling factors associated with nonadherence to screening guidelines among Utah women 40 years and older using survey data from the Utah Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) Health care access Health care access and quality Non-significant Descriptive statistics, Bivariate analysis, Wald chi-square tests, and Multivariable logistic regression models
Age Social and community context Significant
Health insurance Health care access and quality Significant
Income Economic stability Significant
Having a regular physician Health care access and quality Significant
Travel time to nearest facility Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant
28 Hong et al. (2018) Cross-sectional study n = 196 Korean American women residing in the Chicago metropolitan area 50–74 years old To identify the relationship between perceived discrimination, trust, and breast cancer screening adherence specifically among Korean American (KA) women Perceived discrimination Social and community context Non-significant Multiple logistic regressions, Firth logistic regressions
Trust in health care providers/health care systems Social and community context Significant
Cultural beliefs Social and community context Non-significant
29 Hubbard et al. (2016) Cohort study n = 49,775 Medicare-enrolled women who underwent a screening mammogram within a registered Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC) program 66–75 years old To investigate the sociodemographic factors influencing adherence to screening mammography among older women Age Social and community context Significant Multivariable logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards regression, and Kaplan–Meier curves
Income Economic stability Significant
Education Education access and quality Significant
Health Literacy Education access and quality Significant
Access to healthcare Health care access and quality Significant
Diversity index Social and community context Significant
Public transportation expenditures Neighborhood and built environment Significant
30 Jena et al. (2017) Cohort study n = 95,661 Women with individual-subscriber or employer-supplemented MA insurance provided through Kaiser ≥65 years old To examine the impact of eliminating cost sharing for screening mammography on mammography rates Age Social and community context Significant Propensity score method, Multivariate logistic regression
Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Non-significant
Insurance status Health care access and quality Significant
Neighborhood socioeconomic status Social and community context/Economic stability Non-significant
31 Jensen et al. (2022) Cross-sectional study n = 2,065 Low-income, uninsured, or under-insured women in West Texas who were served by the Access to Breast Care for West Texas (ABC4WT) program 40–49 years old To identify sociodemographic barriers and determinants for breast cancer screenings, as well as screening outcomes, in low-income, uninsured, or under-insured communities in West Texas Age Social and community context Non-significant Pearson’s Chi-square test, T-tests, and Multivariate logistic regression analysis
Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Non-significant
Monthly income Economic stability Non-significant
County of residence Social and community context Non-significant
32 Jin et al. (2019) Cross-sectional study n = 303 Korean American women in the Atlanta metropolitan area 50–80 years old To investigate the factors linked to mammography screening among Korean American women in the state of Georgia, United States Health literacy Education access and quality Significant Pearson Chi-square, T-tests, Multiple logistic regression
Health beliefs Social and community context Significant
Education Education access and quality Significant
Age Social and community context Significant
Income Economic stability Significant
Insurance status Health care access and quality Significant
33 Johnson et al. (2021) Case–control study n = 3,271 Idaho residents with ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive breast cancer 50–64 years old To assess the time from breast cancer diagnosis to treatment for women enrolled in Idaho’s Women’s Health Check (WHC) Program compared to other female Idaho residents with breast cancer Socioeconomic status Economic stability Non-significant Chi-square statistics, Stratified Wilcoxon (Van Elteren) tests, Quantile regression
Age Social and community context Non-significant
Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Non-significant
Census trace poverty Economic Stability Non-significant
34 Kadivar et al. (2016) Cross-sectional study n = 4,249 Hispanic and non-Hispanic United States-born white women who participated in the National Assessment of Adult Literacy ≥40 years old To investigate the connection between functional health literacy and mammography utilization among Hispanic women, in comparison to non-Hispanic White women in the United States Health literacy Education access and quality Significant Chi-square test, MML probit regression model
Income Economic stability Significant
Age Social and community context Significant
Medical insurance Health care access and quality Significant
Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
35 Kempe et el. (2013) Retrospective cohort study n = 47,946 Medically insured women who had not undergone a mammogram in the past 24 months 52–69 years old To identify the various factors such as race/ethnicity, socioeconomic characteristics, and health status of women who were not screened for breast cancer in an insured population Age Social and community context Significant Poisson regression models
Race/Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
Language preference Social and community context Significant
Insurance Health care access and quality Significant
Primary care encounters Health care access and quality Significant
Specialty encounters Health care access and quality Significant
36 Khaliq et al. (2015) Cross-sectional study n = 250 Hospitalized women 50–75 years old To explore the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with non-adherence to breast cancer screening among hospitalized women Race Social and community context Non-significant Logistic regression, Unpaired t-test, and Chi square tests
Education Education access and quality Significant
Annual household income Economic stability Significant
Access to primary care physician Health care access and quality Significant
Age Social and community context Non-significant
37 Kim et al. (2019) Retrospective cross-sectional study n = 127,298 Females participating in the American Community Survey and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation 500 50–74 years old To evaluate disparities in city-level screening mammography utilization and to identify factors that may impact urban screening utilization Zip Code/Geography Neighborhood and built environment Significant Mann–Whitney U test, Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison correction, and Spearman rank correlation
Health insurance Healthcare access and quality Significant
Median income level Economic stability Significant
Poverty Economic stability Significant
Race Social and community context Significant
38 Kim et al. (2022) Cross-sectional study n = 497,600 Females across the United States who participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018 50–74 years old To explore the association between diabetes and mammography screening and whether the association varied between racial, ethnic, and geographical groups Age Social and community context Significant Logistic regression models
Race Social and community context Significant
Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
Employment Economic stability Significant
Education Education access and quality Significant
Zip Code/Geography Neighborhood and built environment Significant
Median income level Economic stability Significant
Health care coverage Healthcare access and quality Significant
39 Komenaka et al. (2015) Cross-sectional study n = 1,664 All female patients seen in the Maricopa Medical Center Breast Clinic in Phoenix, Arizona ≥40 years old To investigate the relationship of health literacy and screening mammography Age Social and community context Significant Two-sample t test, Fisher’s exact test, and Logistic regression analysis
Race Social and community context Significant
Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
Education Education access and quality Significant
Employment status Economic stability Significant
Insurance status Healthcare access and quality Significant
English as primary language Social and community context Significant
40 Kosog et al. (2020) Retrospective cross-sectional study n = 1,161 Female patients from a single FQHC in a major metropolitan city (Chicago, IL) 50–74 years old To identify an association between sociodemographic factors and breast cancer screening adherence in FQHC patients including the homeless Age Social and community context Non-significant Multivariate logistic regression
Ethnicity Social and community context Non-significant
Primary insurance policy Healthcare access and quality Significant
Homelessness status Economic stability Significant
Language Social and community context Non-significant
Race Social and community context Non-significant
41 Lapeyrouse et al. (2017) Cross-sectional study n = 304 Female Latina participants in 2009–2010 ecological household study >40 years old To investigate whether differences in ever having a mammogram exist between Latina border residents by health insurance status, to determine whether those Latinas who reported ever having a mammogram vary by healthcare system, and to investigate the ranking of cost, trust, and familiarity as primary reasons for solely seeking health care in the United States or Mexico Acculturation Social and community context Significant Frequency statistics, Two-proportion z-test, Binary logistic regression, T-tests, and Chi squared tests
Age Social and community context Significant
Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
Education Education access and quality Non-significant
Income Economic stability Non-significant
Health insurance status Healthcare access and quality Significant
42 Lawson et al. (2021) Retrospective cohort study n = 7,047 Females diagnosed with breast cancer in Western Washington state 40–74 years old To determine factors associated with receipt of screening mammography by insured women before breast cancer diagnosis, and subsequent outcomes Age Social and community context Significant Multivariable logistic regression analysis, Univariable logistic regression models, Kaplan Meier estimator, Log rank test, and Cox proportional hazards model
Race Social and community context Significant
Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
Zip Code/Geography Neighborhood and built environment Significant
Socioeconomic Disadvantage Economic stability Significant
43 Lee et al. (2016) Cross-sectional study n = 799,467 Females who had mammograms performed across five BCSC regional facilities from 2011 to 2012 ≥40 years old To compare on-site availability of advanced breast imaging services between imaging facilities serving vulnerable patient populations and those serving non-vulnerable populations Race Social and community context Non-significant Adjusted log binomial generalized estimating equations
Ethnicity Social and community context Non-significant
Household income Economic stability Non-significant
Rural/Urban residence, zip code Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant
Education Education access and quality Non-significant
Access to mammography facilities Healthcare access and quality Non-significant
44 Lee et al. (2017) Cross-sectional study n = 168 Korean American females in the Midwest 40–79 years old To investigate breast cancer screening rates and its associated factors in Korean-American immigrant women Age Social and community context Significant Hierarchical logistic regression analysis
Race Social and community context Significant
Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
Healthcare accessibility Healthcare access and quality Significant
Income Economic stability Significant
Education Education access and quality Significant
Language Social and community context Significant
Health care literacy Healthcare access and quality Significant
45 Lee et al. (2021) Cross-sectional study n = 2,313,118 Females attending Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium affiliated imaging facilities 40–89 years old To determine women’s access to and use of DBT screening based on race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and income Access to DBT Healthcare access and quality Significant Descriptive statistics, Log-binomial regression models, and three-step generalized estimated equations
Race Social and community context Significant
Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
Educational attainment Education access and quality Significant
Income Economic stability Significant
46 Li et al. (2020) Cross-sectional study n = 12,639 (NHIS) Civilian noninstitutionalized women living in United States households 40–74 years old To identify factors and related inconsistencies associated with mammography use in the entirety of the United States population, as well as between black and white subgroups Age Social and community context Significant RF analysis; Logistic regression
Family education Education access and quality Significant (NHIS)/Non-Significant (BRFSS)
Family annual income Economic stability Significant
n = 169,116 (BRFSS) Women with telephone access in the United States Number of children at home Social and community context Significant
Race (Black) Social and community context Significant
n = 181,755 (total) Women in the United States without a history of breast cancer Marital status Social and community context Mixed
Health insurance status Health care access and quality Significant
Region Neighborhood and built environment Significant
47 Luo et al. (2021) Cohort n = 33,320 Female Medicare beneficiaries with an initial diagnosis of breast cancer from 2006 through 2014 in the SEER-Medicare database 67–74 years old To evaluate the contributions of each tumor biology (histologic grade and hormone receptor status) and healthcare (screening mammography use and time delay from mammography to diagnostic biopsy) factor to racial disparity at breast cancer stage-at-diagnosis between African American and white patients Race Social and community context Significant Probabilistic graph modeling (PGM) using naïve Bayesian network (NBN)-based contribution analysis
48 Molina et al. (2016) Cross-sectional study n = 536 Federally qualified health center (FQHC)-based group of United States-based Latinas in western Washington State who have not obtained a mammogram in the past 2 years 42–74 years old To assess the role of four neighborhood characteristics in knowledge-, psychocultural-, and economic-based barriers to mammography use among Latinas Block group-level socioeconomic deprivation concentration Neighborhood and built environment/Education access and quality/Economic stability Non-significant Multinomial regression models
Neighborhood socioeconomic-based segregation Neighborhood and built environment/Economic stability Significant
Neighborhood Latino-based concentration Neighborhood and built environment/Social and community context Significant
Neighborhood Latino-based segregation Neighborhood and built environment/Social and community context Significant
Economic Economic stability/Health care access and quality Significant
49 Monsivais et al. (2022) Cohort study n = 34,588 Female patients of a large health care network in Washington State who had completed a mammogram between January 1 and December 31 in 2017 or 2018 but did not have a mammogram in the following year ≥50 years old To assess whether racial and socioeconomic inequities in breast cancer screening widened during the COVID-19 pandemic Age Social and community context Significant Multivariable logistic regression models
Insurance status Health care access and quality Significant
Race or ethnicity Social and community context Significant
Rural or urban residence Neighborhood and built environment Significant
50 Nair et al. (2022) Cohort study n = 19,292 BSPAN program participants who had at least one mammogram between 2012 and 2019 40–64 years old To assess prevalence and correlates of baseline adherence, and longitudinal adherence to screening mammograms using data from the longitudinal BSPAN program Age Social and community context Non-significant Multivariable logistic regression models; multivariable Cox proportional hazards model; chi-square; independent samples t-test; and sensitivity analysis
Race or ethnicity Social and community context Non-significant
Marital status Social and community context Significant
Urbanization Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant
Proximity to metro Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant
Rural Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant
Language preference Social and community context Significant
Literacy Education access and quality Significant
Years lived in the United States Social and community context Significant
51 Onega et al. (2018) Cross-sectional study n = 46,944 Women visiting one of the 15 primary care practices included in the Dartmouth-Hitchock regional network (in NH) and women’s Hospital primary care network (greater Boston) 40–89 years old To examine the effect of PCP, practice, and health system-level characteristics and processes on the breast cancer screening metrics of overall percent screened and percent screening past age 75 Race or ethnicity Social and community context Significant Generalized linear mixed effects regression models; variance components analysis
Insurance status Health care access and quality Significant
Age Social and community context Significant
52 Oviedo et al. (2022) Cross-sectional study n = 157 Women without a history of breast disease who self-identified as Filipino living in the United States, recruited through the national officers of the Philippine Nurses Association of America ≥40 years old To determine factors that influence mammogram adherence in Filipino American women using Andersen’s Behavioral Health Model of Services for Vulnerable Populations as the conceptual framework Breast cancer literacy Education access and quality Non-significant Andersen’s Behavioral Health Model of Services for Vulnerable Populations; logistics regression models; adjusted odds ratios
Sociocultural deterrents Social and community context Non-significant
Cultural beliefs Social and community context Non-significant
Years lived in the United States Social and community context Non-significant
53 Padela et al. (2015) Cross-sectional study n = 240 Self-identified Muslim, English-speaking women recruited from 11 CIOGC-affiliated mosques and Muslim organization sites in Greater Chicago >40 years old To assess relationships between several religion-related factors and breast cancer screening in a group of Chicago-based Muslim women Religiosity Social and community context Significant Bivariate testing (ex. unadjusted odds ratios) and multivariate logistic regression models
Perceived religious discrimination in healthcare Social and community context Significant
Age Social and community context Significant
Years of residence in the United States Social and community context Significant
Ethnicity Social and community context Non-significant
54 Paranjpe et al. (2022) Retrospective cross-sectional study n = 7,990 Civilian, noninstitutionalized Asian and non-Hispanic white women who completed the National Health Interview Survey ≥40 years old To determine whether breast cancer screening practices were different between Asian and non-Hispanic white women in a national population-based study Race Social and community context Significant Taylor series linearization methods; Wald chi-square tests; and Multivariable logistic regression
Insurance status Healthcare access and quality Significant
Education Education access and quality Significant
Family income Economic stability Significant
Place of Birth in United States Neighborhood and built environment Significant
55 Patel et al. (2014) Cross-sectional study n = 334 Low-income African American women in Nashville, Chattanooga, and Memphis ≥ 40 years old To examine socio-demographic factors that influence decision to use mammography and other breast cancer screenings in low-income African Americans and examine differences in obstacles to screening by geographic region Age Social and community context Non-significant Chi-square test, Binary logistic regression model
City of residence Neighborhood and built environment Significant
BMI Healthcare access and quality Significant
Annual household income Economic stability Significant
Health insurance status Healthcare access and quality Non-significant
Transportation access Neighborhood and built environment Significant
Medical visits in the Past 12 months Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant
Education Education access and quality Non-significant
Employment status Economic stability Non-significant
56 Ryu et al. (2013) Cross-sectional study n = 1,596 Immigrant women in five Asian-American ethnic groups participating in the 2009 California Health Interview Survey 40–70 years old To compare rates of screening mammography among immigrant women in five Asian-American ethnic groups in California, and ascertain the extent to which differences in mammography rates among these groups are attributable to differences in known correlates of cancer screening Age Social and community context Non-significant Wald chi-square design-adjusted test of independence, Multiple logistic regression, Predicted probabilities
English proficiency Social and community context Non-significant
Educational attainment Education access and quality Significant
Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
Income Economic stability Non-significant
Current health insurance Healthcare access and quality Significant
57 Sabatino et al. (2016) Cross-sectional study n = 1,429 (2010) Female Medicare beneficiaries without breast cancer history between 2010 and 2013 65–74 years old To examine whether mammography use increased after elimination of Medicare cost sharing for screening mammography and whether changes varied for different groups of women Age Social and community context Significant Pearson Wald F test, Multivariable logistic regression
Race Social and community context Non-significant
Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
Birthplace Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant
n = 2,152 (2013) Income Economic stability Non-significant
Access to Care Healthcare access and quality Significant
Type of health insurance Healthcare access and quality Significant
Number of provider visits Healthcare access and quality Significant
58 Schommer et al. (2023) Retrospective cross-sectional study n = 781 Breast cancer female patients from Seton Medical Center Austin tumor registry between March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2021 40–70 years old To explore the relationship between COVID-19 (before and after) and stage distribution, time-to-intervention, and insurance status of patients presenting with breast cancer in the Austin local cancer center Age Social and community context Significant Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, Fisher exact test, unpaired T-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Multinomial Logistic regression, Two-tailed Wald test
Sex Social and community context Non-significant
Race Social and community context Significant (Pre and Post COVID)
Ethnicity Social and community context Significant (Pre and Post COVID)
Insurance status Healthcare access and quality Significant
Time from breast cancer diagnosis to first treatment Healthcare access and quality Significant
59 Sealy-Jefferson et al. (2019) Cross-sectional study n = 7,120 Racially/ethnically diverse post-menopausal women from the Women’s Health Initiative Survey (1993–2014) 50–79 years old To examine whether rural–urban residence was associated with stage at breast cancer diagnosis among large well-defined racially/ethnically diverse cohort of postmenopausal women Age Social and community context Significant Univariable logistic regression, Multivariable logistic regression
Race Social and community context Non-significant
Ethnicity Social and community context Non-significant
Education Education access and quality Non-significant
Rural/Urban Residence, Zip Code Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant
Social Strain Social and community context Non-significant
Health insurance status Health care access and quality Non-significant
Social Support Social and community context Non-significant
60 Selove et al. (2016) Retrospective cohort Study n = 4,476 Non-Hispanic Black and White non-HMO Medicare women, who resided in United States, who had a mammogram, biopsy, and breast cancer diagnosis during 2005–2008 65–84 years old Examine the length of critical intervals between abnormal mammogram and breast cancer treatment within a large cohort of Medicare beneficiaries varying by age, race, and medical comorbidities Age Social and community context Significant Cox proportional hazard models, Logistic regression models
Race Social and community context Non-significant
Ethnicity Social and community context Non-significant
Physical comorbidities Healthcare access and quality Significant
61 Shon et al. (2019) Cross-sectional study n = 3,710 Immigrant Asian women who filled the 2005,2007, 2009, and 2011 California Health Interview Survey ≥40 years old To examine significant predictors of never having a mammogram among Chinese, Vietnamese, and Korean immigrant women living in California and age 40 years and older and to explore whether relationships between enabling components and acculturation components and odds of never having a mammogram vary across Chinese, Vietnamese, and Korean immigrant women Ethnicity Social and community context Non-significant Bivariate analysis (Chi-square or ANOVA), Multivariate logistic regression
Age Social and community context Significant
Education Education access and quality Non-significant
Federal poverty level Economic stability Non-significant
Age Social and community context Non-significant
Employment Economic stability Non-significant
English proficiency Social and community context Non-significant
Years lived in the United States Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant
Insurance type Healthcare access and quality Non-significant
Number of Physician Visits in the past 12 months Healthcare access and quality Significant
Number of Chronic Illnesses Healthcare Access and Quality Non-significant
62 Spada et al. (2021) Retrospective cross-sectional study n = 35,735 Female breast cancer patients registered in the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry 50–64 and 68–74 To determine if increased access to health insurance following the Affordable Care Act (ACA) resulted in an increased proportion of early-stage breast cancer diagnosis among women in Pennsylvania, particularly minorities, rural residents, and those of lower socioeconomic status Health Insurance Access Healthcare access and quality Non-significant T-tests; Multivariable logistic regression models; Difference-in-differences analysis
Area Deprivation Index Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant
Race Social and community context Significant (for 68–74)
Ethnicity Social and community context Significant (for 68–74)
Area of Residence Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant
PCP Density Healthcare access and quality Non-significant
63 Tangka et al. (2017) Cross-sectional study n = 3,821,084 Medicaid-insured women in the United States from 2006 to 2008 40–64 years old To assess racial/ethnic and geographic disparities in the use of breast cancer screening Race Social and community context Significant Regression models; Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE)
Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
State of residence Neighborhood and built environment Significant
64 Thomas et al. (2018) Retrospective cohort study n = 14,651 Medicaid-insured women (not dual enrolled) in California who received treatment in the specialty mental health care system and have filled least one antipsychotic prescription 48–67 years old To examine mammogram disparities for those with severe mental illness and the contribution of psychosocial factors to mammogram use among women with severe mental illness Healthcare access and utilization Healthcare access and quality Significant Poisson models with robust standard errors
Health insurance status Healthcare access and quality Significant
Race Social and community context Significant
Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
County of residence Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant
Age Social and community context Non-significant
65 Tran et al. (2019) Cross-sectional study n = 482,360 U.S. female survey participants in the 2012, 2014, or 2016 Breast and Cervical Cancer-Screening module of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey ≥ 40 years old To explore urban–rural disparities in United States breast cancer screening practices at the national, regional, and state levels Area of residence (urban/suburban/rural) Neighborhood and built environment Significant Binary logistic regression models
Age Social and community context Significant
Race Social and community context Significant
Education Education access and quality Significant
Healthcare coverage Healthcare access and quality Significant
Healthcare access and utilization Healthcare access and quality Significant
66 Vang et al. (2020) Cross-sectional study n = 518 Medically underserved women in NYC ≥40 years old To examine the relationship between language preference and screening mammogram adherence Ethnicity Social and community context Significant Descriptive statistics (Chi-square tests and Fisher’s exact tests), Bivariate analyses and multiple logistic regressions
Age Social and community context Significant
Race Social and community context Significant
Education Education access and quality Significant
Lack of sufficient healthcare coverage Healthcare access and quality Significant
Language Social and community context Significant
67 Virk-Baker et al. (2013) Cross-sectional study n = 406,602 White and Black women in fee-for-service Medicare plans from 203 United States counties with highest risk of breast cancer deaths 65–74 years old To assess the uptake of breast cancer screening in women 65–74 years old from counties with most of the breast cancer deaths in Black older women Race Social and community context Non-significant Logistic regression
Comorbid conditions Healthcare access and quality Non-significant
Age Social and community context Non-significant
Education Education access and quality Non-significant
ER utilization Healthcare access and quality Non-significant
Economic status Economic stability Non-significant
68 Wang et al. (2018) Cross-sectional study n = 8,347 Patients cared by Accountable Care Organizations (ACO) clinics in rural Nebraska with average risk of breast cancer 50–74 years old To understand the adherence to the biennial breast cancer screening guideline by rural women with average risk for breast cancer Age Social and community context Significant Descriptive statistics, Multiple logistic regression, Spearman correlations, and Generalized estimating equation method
Gender Social and community context Significant
Race Social and community context Significant
Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
Insurance status Healthcare access and quality Significant
Preferred language Social and community context Significant
Travel time to clinic Healthcare access and quality Significant
County poverty rate Economic stability Significant
County uninsured rate Healthcare access and quality Significant
Race/Ethnicity composition of county Social and community context Significant
69 Wiese et al. (2023) Retrospective study n = 73,718 Female population in the United States with limited accessibility to mammography (living more than 20-min drive time to nearest mammography facility) 45–84 years old To evaluate the travel-time based geographic accessibility to mammography facilities at the census tract level by urban–rural status in continuous US from 2006 to 2022 Rural vs. Urban/Suburban Setting Neighborhood and built environment Non-significant Descriptive statistics, Regression analysis
Accessibility to screening facility Healthcare access and quality Non-significant
70 Wilcox et al. (2016) Cross-sectional study n = 697 Randomly sampled households with at least one female tenant selected through 20 United States census tracts with Haitian population ≥40 years old To identify the correlation between race/ethnicity and annual mammogram compliance Age Social and community context Significant Binary logistic regression; Chi-square tests
Race Social and community context Significant
Ethnicity Social and community context Significant
Education level Education access and quality Significant
Preferred language Social and community context Significant
Poverty status Economic stability Significant
Employment status Economic stability Significant
Insurance coverage Healthcare access and quality Significant
Provider visits Healthcare access and quality Significant
71 Wilkerson et al. (2023) Retrospective cohort study n = 738 Female patients who underwent treatment for BC at a quaternary care academic medical center or affiliate zonal hospital 40–45 years old To discover if the majority of Black women are diagnosed with breast cancer on their first mammogram and to determine if the connection between patient demographics and primary findings of breast cancer are of importance for preventative care Age Social and community context Significant Chi-square test; multivariate logistic regression; Wilcoxon rank-sum test
Race Social and community context Significant
BMI Healthcare access and quality Significant
Insurance coverage Healthcare access and quality Significant
72 Wu et al. (2021) Retrospective cohort study n = 1,044 Visually impaired women enrolled in fee-for service Medicare 65–72 years old To assess whether receiving breast cancer screenings are similar for women w/wo visual impairment Age Social and community context Significant Chi-square test; Multivariable conditional logistic regression
Race Social and community context Significant
Environment Neighborhood and built environment Significant
Insurance coverage Healthcare access and quality Significant
Urbanization Neighborhood and built environment Significant

*Statistical significance was assessed based on the p value (p < 0.05).