Table 2.
The outcome measures before and after four weeks of training or follow-up
| Isokinetic | Isotonic | Control | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-test | Post-test | p value | Pre-test | Post-test | p value | Pre-test | Post-test | p value | |
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||||
| HKA angle | 10.74 ± 5.61 | 3.53 ± 2.13 | 0.001** | 9.03 ± 4.64 | 2.67 ± 1.97 | 0.001** | 7.29 ± 4.67 | 3.02 ± 2.83 | 0.001** |
| Peak torque (Nm), Knee | |||||||||
| Extension at 60 deg./sec | 12.67 ± 8.30 | 22.44 ± 12.65 | 0.006** | 18.91 ± 10.81 | 33.67 ± 14.92 | 0.001** | 15.91 ± 8.60 | 19.75 ± 8.00 | 0.035* |
| Flexion at 60 deg./sec | 14.94 ± 8.04 | 22.01 ± 8.24 | 0.048* | 20.83 ± 14.56 | 36.60 ± 15.55 | 0.001** | 13.55 ± 6.96 | 15.06 ± 6.96 | 0.096 |
| Extension at 120 deg./sec | 10.96 ± 6.56 | 15.87 ± 7.40 | 0.016* | 16.59 ± 8.65 | 26.74 ± 12.10 | 0.001** | 11.49 ± 5.71 | 11.22 ± 4.01 | 0.754 |
| Flexion at 120 deg./sec | 10.41 ± 4.02 | 14.93 ± 5.47 | 0.016* | 13.52 ± 8.61 | 23.61 ± 10.97 | 0.001** | 10.99 ± 4.83 | 11.82 ± 3.52 | 0.346 |
| TUG test (sec.) | 13.76 ± 5.53 | 10.54 ± 2.90 | 0.003** | 13.31 ± 3.06 | 12.39 ± 3.26 | 0.053 | 15.64 ± 3.73 | 14.76 ± 4.15 | 0.177 |
| SF-36 total score | 43.73 ± 11.33 | 57.24 ± 16.99 | 0.009** | 48.71 ± 16.35 | 61.82 ± 15.21 | 0.012* | 47.09 ± 9.15 | 49.05 ± 16.21 | 0.510 |
| Physical domain | 39.38 ± 14.85 | 52.80 ± 17.25 | 0.016* | 43.17 ± 13.91 | 54.63 ± 16.55 | 0.012* | 37.57 ± 10.42 | 43.30 ± 13.46 | 0.041* |
| Physical functioning | 44.29 ± 25.33 | 57.14 ± 25.77 | 0.084 | 40.33 ± 20.57 | 61.00 ± 22.77 | 0.002** | 41.43 ± 24.84 | 54.64 ± 19.85 | 0.032* |
| Physical role | 5.36 ± 14.47 | 26.79 ± 35.98 | 0.026* | 10.00 ± 22.76 | 23.33 ± 37.16 | 0.196 | 5.36 ± 10.65 | 5.36 ± 10.65 | 1.000 |
| Bodily pain | 55.00 ± 19.73 | 66.71 ± 14.15 | 0.041* | 54.33 ± 19.51 | 73.83 ± 14.48 | 0.002** | 46.43 ± 18.52 | 57.50 ± 16.35 | 0.125 |
| General health | 52.86 ± 18.68 | 60.57 ± 19.21 | 0.256 | 68.00 ± 19.53 | 66.33 ± 18.27 | 0.728 | 56.79 ± 15.52 | 55.71 ± 20.27 | 0.497 |
| Mental domain | 45.75 ± 13.55 | 61.31 ± 18.82 | 0.013* | 54.26 ± 22.50 | 69.07 ± 17.87 | 0.026* | 56.68 ± 14.99 | 54.50 ± 20.70 | 0.925 |
| Vitality | 48.93 ± 16.19 | 56.07 ± 20.86 | 0.092 | 59.67 ± 19.77 | 62.33 ± 20.08 | 0.430 | 57.86 ± 18.88 | 56.43 ± 17.70 | 0.443 |
| Social functioning | 61.68 ± 19.39 | 69.64 ± 19.44 | 0.134 | 58.33 ± 21.99 | 72.03 ± 16.90 | 0.020* | 62.50 ± 25.00 | 56.25 ± 22.87 | 0.320 |
| Emotional role | 16.67 ± 36.40 | 59.52 ± 45.63 | 0.026* | 37.78 ± 41.53 | 68.89 ± 42.66 | 0.111 | 45.24 ± 30.96 | 40.48 ± 45.63 | 0.796 |
| Mental health | 55.71 ± 10.92 | 60.00 ± 18.36 | 0.276 | 65.93 ± 21.78 | 72.32 ± 16.89 | 0.073 | 61.14 ± 18.72 | 64.86 ± 14.22 | 0.128 |
| WOMAC total score | 36.86 ± 9.07 | 21.36 ± 10.40 | 0.001** | 29.27 ± 11.14 | 15.13 ± 11.15 | 0.001** | 43.57 ± 18.35 | 33.79 ± 16.39 | 0.043* |
| Pain | 7.64 ± 4.27 | 5.21 ± 3.12 | 0.025* | 5.44 ± 2.79 | 3.56 ± 1.94 | 0.024* | 9.00 ± 4.47 | 6.93 ± 2.34 | 0.046* |
| Stiffness | 3.86 ± 0.95 | 2.43 ± 1.34 | 0.011* | 2.89 ± 1.27 | 1.89 ± 1.05 | 0.071 | 3.64 ± 2.06 | 3.50 ± 1.34 | 0.623 |
| Physical function | 25.36 ± 6.37 | 13.71 ± 7.38 | 0.001** | 16.56 ± 8.63 | 8.56 ± 6.77 | 0.008** | 30.93 ± 12.41 | 23.36 ± 13.24 | 0.046* |
HKA Hip-knee-ankle axis, SF-36 Short-Form 36 Health Survey, TUG Timed up and go, WOMAC Western Ontario and McMaster Universities index
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01