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. 2024 Feb 19;22:24. doi: 10.1186/s12958-024-01195-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — GCs dysfunction along with the disrupted GCs differentiation in PCOS. A Heatmap showing the core gene in modules regulating GCs differentiation in Monocle 3 (resolution = 0.0001). B The top 5 enriched GO (biological pathway) terms of downregulated DEGs in module 4. C The top 5 enriched GO (biological pathway) terms of upregulated DEGs in module 3/14/15. D Monocle 3 generated pseudotemporal trajectory of preantral GCs, small antral GCs, KRT8^high mural GCs and HSPA6^high mural GCs. E The granulosa cell trajectory predicted by Monocle 3 and visualized by UMAP. Cells were ordered in pseudotime colored in a gradient from purple to yellow. F Top 15 significant switching genes were ordered in pseudotime in the trajectory, from preantral GCs, small antral GCs to KRT8^high mural GCs. G Top 15 significant switching genes were ordered in pseudotime in the trajectory, from preantral GCs, small antral GCs to HSPA6^high mural GCs. H Venn plot of all the significant switching genes in above two trajectories. I Pathway enrichment of the 47 significant switching genes specific in KRT8^high mural GCs differentiation trajectory