Table 1.

Characterization of the Skin Microbiota in ISDs.Note: ↑, Increase; ↓, Decrease

Disease	Microbial Alterations		Immune Dysregulation	Refs
ATOPIC DERMATITIS(AD)	↑Staphylococcus epidermidis ↑Staphylococcus hemolysis ↑Staphylococcus spp. ↑Staphylococcus aureus	↓Cutibacterium spp. ↓Streptococcus spp. ↓Corynebacterium spp. ↓Propionibacterium acnes ↓Acinetobacter ↓Corynebacterium ↓Proteus	↓AMP ↑IL-4,↑IL-5, ↑IL-13,↑IL-31, ↑IL-1,↑IL-12, ↑IL-22, ↑IL-6, ↑IL-8, ↑IgE, ↑TSLP, ↑TNF-α,	[22–27]
SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS(SD)	↑Staphylococcus spp. ↑Staphylococcus epidermidis ↑Streptococcus spp. ↑Pseudomonas spp. ↑Acinetobacter ↑Malassezia ↑Mycococcus, ↑Candida ↑Filamentous fungus spores	↓Cutibacterium spp.	↑IL-1α,↑IL-1β, ↑IL-2, ↑IL-8, ↑IL-10,↑IL-12, ↑TNF-α, ↑IFN-γ	[28–32]
ROSACEA	↑Corynebacterium kropp ↑Gordonia ↑Geobacillus	↓Cutibacterium acnes ↓Acinetobacter ↓Roseomonas spp.	↑IL–10, ↑AMPs	[33]
PSORIASIS	↑Firmicutes ↑Streptococcus spp. ↑Prevotella ↑Staphylococcus spp. ↑Staphylococcus aureus ↑Staphylococcus pettenkoferi ↑Staphylococcus sciuri ↑Corynebacterium kroppenstedii ↑Corynebacterium simulans ↑Neisseria spp. ↑Finegoldia spp.	↓Actinobacteria ↓Gordoniaceae ↓Staphylococcus epidermidis ↓Cutibacterium spp. ↓Staphylococcus spp. ↓Cutibacterium acnes ↓Cutibacterium granulosum ↓Burkholderia spp. ↓Lactobacilli	↑IL-1, ↑IL-6, ↑ IL-8,↑IL17, ↑IL-12, ↑IL-23, ↑IL-22, ↑TNF- α, ↑IFN- α, ↑TGF-b, ↑iNOS,↑HSP70,	[34–37]
ACNE	↑Firmicutes ↑Proteobacteria ↑Staphylococcus spp.	↓Actinobacteria ↓Cutibacterium spp. ↓Cutibacterium acnes ↓Cutibacterium granulosu	↑IL-12, ↑IL-23, ↑TNF- α, ↑IFN- α	[38,39]
DIAPER DERMATITIS (DD)	↑Enterococcus ↑Erwinia ↑Pseudomonas ↑Staphylococcus aureus	↓Clostridium ↓Actinomyces ↓Staphylococcus epidermidis,	↑IL-1,↑IL-8, ↑TNF- α	[40,41]
MALASSEZIA FOLLICULITIS (MF)	↑ Malassezia. sympodialis ↑ Malassezia.Restricta ↑ Malassezia. furfu	-	↑IL –1α,↑IL-4, ↑IL-6, ↑IL-8, ↑IL-10, ↑IL-12 ↑TNF-α,	[42–44]