Table 3.

Role of Malassezia in Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Diseases	Possible Role of Malassezia in Inflammatory Skin Diseases.	Refs
AD	Lipases and phospholipases are produced that release unsaturated free fatty acids from sebum to initiate inflammatory responses.	[77]
	Keratinocytes are stimulated to produce inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF- α), Induces IgE mediated mast cell degranulation, and the release of leukotrienes,	[80]
SD	Stimulates IL-8 secretion and inhibits IL-1 secretion. Lipases and phospholipases are produced that release unsaturated free fatty acids from sebum to initiate inflammatory responses. Generation of tryptophan metabolites like indole derivatives (indole-3-formaldehyde) triggers SD immune response.	[229]
		[230]
Ance	Lipases and phospholipases are produced that release unsaturated free fatty acids from sebum to initiate inflammatory responses.	[149]
	Abnormal keratinization affecting the hair follicle duct, chemotactic for polymorphonuclear neutrophils and promoting the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by keratinocytes and monocytes.	[148]
Psoriasis	Upregulation of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12.	[173]
	Lipases and phospholipases are produced that release unsaturated free fatty acids from sebum to initiate inflammatory responses.	[171]
	Upregulated expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70).Involved in the innate immune response leading to NF- κ B activation, with release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Upregulates CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses, and modulates adaptive immune responses.	[172]
MF	Lipases and phospholipases are produced that release unsaturated free fatty acids from sebum to initiate inflammatory responses. Upregulation of IL- α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10	[199]