TABLE 3.

Isoforms—function and location of protein 14-3-3.

S. No.	Name	Location	Function	References
1	14-3-3 β	Cytoplasm - regulates signaling pathways and protein transport	Apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and protein trafficking. It interrelates with several key proteins, like Raf-1 kinase and Bad, to modulate their activity and localization	Aghazadeh and Papadopoulos (2016)
				Fu et al. (2000)
				Hermeking and Benzinger (2006)
2	14-3-3 γ	Predominantly present in the cytoplasm and can translocate to the nucleus in response to specific cellular signals	Regulation of neuronal function, cell cycle control, and apoptosis, in CSF that can use as a marker for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. It interacts with diverse proteins, including Cdc25 phosphatases, Bax, and various kinases, to enhance their activity and subcellular localization	Cornell and Toyo-Oka (2017)
				Hermeking and Benzinger (2006)
3	14-3-3 ε	cytoplasm and the nucleus	Neuronal signaling, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and. It deals with proteins like c-Jun, Bim, and Bad to control their function and localization, responsible for RAS 1 signaling	Fu et al. (2000)
				Hermeking and Benzinger (2006)
				Matitau et al. (2013)
4	14-3-3 η	cytoplasm	less well-characterized compared to other isoforms. However, it has been suggested to be involved in neuronal development and neurodegenerative diseases	Cornell and Toyo-Oka (2017)
5	14-3-3 ζ	cytoplasm and the nucleus	Cell signaling, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis, neurological disorders. It interacts with various proteins, such as Akt, PKC, and GSK3, to regulate their activity and subcellular localization, it can bind and regulate the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase	Aghazadeh and Papadopoulos (2016)
				Hermeking and Benzinger (2006)
6	14-3-3 σ	primarily located in the cytoplasm and has been reported to translocate to the nucleus in response to specific cellular signals	Cell cycle regulation (Essential for proper G2 checkpoint function) and tumor suppression (breast cancer). It interacts with proteins involved in cell cycle checkpoints, DNA damage response, and apoptosis, such as p53, cdc2, and Chk1	Hermeking and Benzinger (2006)
7	14-3-3 τ	The cytoplasm of neurons, but it can also translocate to the nucleus under certain conditions	Associated with neuronal function and is involved in regulating processes such as neurotransmitter release, synaptic plasticity, and neurodegeneration. It interacts with various neuronal proteins, including tyrosine hydroxylase and protein kinase C	Fu et al. (2000)