FIGURE 3.

Alteration of EV surface by chemical and genetic engineering. Chemical lipid or membrane‐bound protein processes or lipid‐lipid interactions load many components, such as peptides, nucleic Apts and antibodies. Through the joining of membrane‐binding proteins, genetic engineering introduces targeted sequences, including peptides and proteins. Apts, aptamers; AS1411, a guanine‐rich DNA aptamer; CP50, the polypeptide fragment CP05 specifically recognizes CD63; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor.CD63‐OVA, an ovalbumin antigen fused with CD63; EV, extracellular vesicle; PDGFR TM domain, the transmembrane domain of platelet‐derived growth factor receptor; PSMA, prostate‐specific membrane antigen; RVG, rabies virus glycoprotein; tLyp‐1, truncated LyP‐1