Table 1.

Summary of risk factors of CP on the included studies (N = 95).

Serial number	Risk factors of CP	Study reference number
1	PROM	[23,38–45]
2	Jaundice	[23,41,46,47]
3	History of CNS infection	[23,26–30,48,49]
4	Premature babies, low weight	[29–30,39,40,42,43,46,48,50–65]
5	Maternal hypertension	[29–31,43,48,60]
6	Convulsive status	[29–30,46,48]
7	Multiple pregnancy	[29–30,41,48,50,66,67]
8	Neonatal encephalopathy	[49,50,51]
9	Low socio-economic status	[51,70–74]
10	Congenital brain malformations	[9,38,39,62,63,72–77]
11	Parity	[78,79]
12	Delayed onset of menstruation, irregular menstruation, or long intermenstrual intervals	[38,39,80]
13	Previous fetal deaths	[73,81]
14	Thyroid disease	[19,28,29,40,44,48,73,82–84]
15	Pre-eclampsia	[30,51,59,85,86]
16	Maternal trauma in pregnancy	[28,29,48,87]
17	Chorioamnionitis	[28,29,47,51,80,88,89,90]
18	Low Apgar scores	[42,56,57,60–62,64,65,91–96]
19	Neonatal seizures	[39,42,56,61,81,97]
20	Sepsis	[19,98,99]
21	Respiratory disease	[42,81]
22	Untreated maternal anemia	[30,58]
23	Hyperbilirubinemia	[32,42,59,100,101]
24	Advanced paternal age	[58,62,102]
25	Diabetes Mellitus	[40,44,59,60,83,84]
26	An unusually short or long interval between pregnancies	[39,103]
27	Emergency Cesarean section	[107,108–112,44,113]
28	Instrumental deliveries	[60,25,107,108–112]
29	Urinary tract infection during pregnancy	[47,58]
30	Placental abruption	[39,42,104,105–109,85]
31	Exposure to methyl mercury during pregnancy	[82,111]
32	Familial aggregation of CP (genetics)	[73,112–114]
33	history of impaired fertility and its treatment	[79,104,105–109]
34	Threat of abortion	[115,116]
35	Spontaneous abortion	[42,104,105–109]
36	Maternal medications (antibiotics and anti-epileptics) during pregnancy	[115,83,84]
37	Intrauterine infection	[41,116,104,105–109,86,117,118]
38	Antepartum fever	[119,120]
39	Hemolytic disease of newborns	[116,121]
40	Gender	[23,56]