Fig. 4.

Piezoelectric stimulation enhances ATPase activity and cytoskeleton organization-related gene clusters in the gene profile of L-PDLSCs. (A) Hierarchical cluster heatmap of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the NC US⁻ and the t-BTO US⁺ groups. Hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted for DEGs using a fold change <0.5 or >2 and P < 0.05. Red areas represent up-regulated DEGs, and blue areas represent down-regulated DEGs. (B) Volcano plot of DEGs in the NC US⁻ group and t-BTO US⁺ group. The detected genes are presented in the volcano plot using log 2 (fold change) as the x-axis and log 10 (P-value) as the y-axis. Red represents up-regulated DEGs, green represents down-regulated DEGs, and gray represents non-DEGs. (C) The differential genes were assigned to three GO categories: biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. (D, E, F) Top 20 bubble charts of the biological process (D), cellular component (E), and molecular function (F) of GO enrichment analysis for the up-regulated DEGs in the t-BTO US⁺ group. Low q-values are in red and high q-values are in blue; the size of the circle was proportional to the number of enriched genes.