Table 2.
Exploratory factor analysis for the Health Action Process Approach.
| Construct | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Factor 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk perception in smoking-induced cancer | ||||||
| A1 | What are my chances of getting lung cancer due to smoking? | 0.02 | 0.94 | − 0.01 | − 0.04 | − 0.05 |
| A2 | What are my chances of getting month cancer due to smoking? | − 0.01 | 0.96 | − 0.01 | 0.00 | − 0.01 |
| A3 | What are my chances of getting bladder cancer due to smoking? | − 0.07 | 0.92 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.09 |
| Risk perception in smoking-induced systemic disease | ||||||
| B1 | What are my chances of having cardiovascular diseases due to smoking? | 0.04 | 0.96 | 0.00 | 0.00 | − 0.04 |
| B2 | What are my chances of having respiratory diseases due to smoking? | 0.04 | 0.94 | − 0.01 | − 0.04 | − 0.07 |
| B3 | What are my chances of having reproductive diseases due to smoking? | − 0.01 | 0.89 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.08 |
| Positive outcome expectancy if quit smoking | ||||||
| C1 | My physical condition will be improved | − 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.95 | 0.01 |
| C2 | My smoking-related expenses will be reduced | − 0.01 | − 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.97 | 0.00 |
| C3 | My family and friends will be happy | 0.01 | − 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.96 | − 0.02 |
| Negative outcome expectancy if quit smoking | ||||||
| D1 | Stop smoking prevents me from socialization | 0.01 | − 0.03 | 0.92 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
| D2 | Stop smoking deprives me of an opportunity for enjoyment | 0.02 | − 0.02 | 0.95 | 0.01 | − 0.01 |
| D3 | Stop smoking makes me disable to deal with stress | − 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.93 | − 0.02 | − 0.06 |
| Self-efficacy in quitting smoking | ||||||
| E1 | I can start quitting smoking, even if I feel tense and nervous | 0.97 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | − 0.04 |
| E2 | I can start quitting smoking, even if I have a strong temptation to smoke | 0.97 | 0.01 | 0.00 | − 0.01 | − 0.03 |
| E3 | I can start quitting smoking, even if my significant others do not support me to quit smoking | 0.98 | 0.00 | − 0.01 | 0.00 | − 0.03 |
| Self-efficacy in maintaining smoking cessation | ||||||
| F1 | I can continue not to smoke, even if I have severe withdrawal symptoms | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0.01 | − 0.02 | − 0.04 |
| F2 | I can continue not to smoke, even if I feel tense or restless or tired | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | − 0.02 |
| F3 | I can continue not to smoke, even if my friends offer me a cigarette | 0.57 | 0.04 | − 0.01 | − 0.06 | 0.34 |
| Self-efficacy in re-initiating smoking cessation after relapse | ||||||
| G1 | I can quit again, even if I have postponed my cessation program several times | 0.61 | 0.08 | − 0.02 | − 0.03 | 0.32 |
| G2 | I can quit again, even if I am not able to refrain from smoking sometimes | 0.62 | 0.07 | − 0.03 | − 0.04 | 0.31 |
| G3 | I can quit again, even if I returned to smoking and abandoned the cessation program | 0.60 | 0.06 | − 0.03 | − 0.05 | 0.33 |
| Quit smoking planning | ||||||
| H1 | I have a precise plan concerning the time of initiating smoking cessation | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | − 0.01 | 0.93 |
| H2 | I have a precise plan concerning the process of initiating smoking cessation | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.96 |
| Coping planning in maintaining smoking cessation | ||||||
| I1 | I have a clear plan on how to avoid smoking places | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | − 0.02 | 0.93 |
| I2 | I have a clear plan on how to cope with temptations to smoke | 0.03 | − 0.01 | 0.00 | − 0.01 | 0.94 |
| I3 | I have a clear plan on how to overcome the situation which makes me more likely to start smoking again | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | − 0.03 | 0.92 |
| Cronbach’s alpha | 0.983 | 0.972 | 0.929 | 0.958 | 0.986 | |
| Initial eigenvalues | 14.62 | 3.31 | 2.69 | 1.82 | 1.01 | |
| Cumulative % of variance explained | 56.24 | 68.97 | 79.30 | 86.28 | 90.15 | |
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Oblimin with Kaiser Normalization. Rotation converged in 8 iterations.
Bolded values indicate factor loadings > 0.6, reflecting significant factor indicators.