TABLE 3.
Potential effects, frequency of the 10 most prevalent class X drug-drug interactions and real drug-drug interactions in the study population.
| Class | Drug pair | Real DDI DIPS score (causal relationship) | Frequency (number of real DDI) | Potential effects | Time (days) to develop ADEs after drug combination | Management |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X | Amikacin + Polymyxin B | 5 | 9 (2) | Increase risk of nephrotoxic | 5.50 ± 2.12 (4–7) | Monitor renal function, reduce dose of amikacin or change antibiotics |
| Cyclosporine + Spironolactone | - | 5 (0) | enhance the hyperkalemic effect | - | - | |
| Amiodarone + Levofloxacin | NA | 5 (NA) | enhance the QTc-prolonging effect | NA | NA | |
| Atorvastatin + Posaconazole | 5 | 5 (2) | Increase risk of myopathy/rhabdomyolysis and hepatic failure | 22.5 ± 12.0 (14–31) | Interrupt atorvastatin | |
| Voriconazole + Amiodarone | NA | 3 (NA) | enhance the QTc-prolonging effect | NA | NA | |
| Sertraline + Linezolid | - | 3 (0) | enhance the serotonergic effect | - | - | |
| Atorvastatin + Cyclosporine | - | 3 (0) | Increased risk of myopathy/rhabdomyolysis and renal failure | - | - | |
| Rivaroxaban + Enoxaparin | - | 3 (0) | enhance the anticoagulant effect | - | - | |
| Alfacalcidol + Vitamin D3 | NA | 3 (NA) | enhance the adverse effect of Vitamin D Analogs | NA | NA | |
| Domperidone + Voriconazole | NA | 2 (NA) | enhance the QTc-prolonging effect | NA | NA | |
| Amikacin + Mannitol | - | 2 (0) | enhance the nephrotoxic effect | - | - | |
| Tacrolimus + Foscarnet | - | 2 (0) | enhance the nephrotoxic effect | - | - | |
| Morphine + Linezolid | - | 2 (0) | enhance the adverse effect of Morphine | - | - | |
| Calcitriol + Vitamin D3 | - | 2 (0) | enhance the adverse effect of Vitamin D Analogs | - | - | |
| Escitalopram + Linezolid | - | 2 (0) | Increase risk of serotonin syndrome | - | - |
DIPS, drug interaction probability scale; NA, not applicable (NA, is used when data cannot be collected).