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. 2024 Feb 19;14:4091. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53615-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Metformin administration promotes differentiation. (a) Experimental design. 9 m mice were given metformin in their drinking water for 3 months before perfusion-fixation for immunohistochemical analysis. After 2 months, EdU was added to the drinking water for 96 h. (b) The cingulate cortex was immunolabelled against NG2 and EdU to assess proliferation. Scale bar 20 µm. (c) The density of OPCs (NG2⁺ cells) did not differ with metformin administration. (d) The proportion of OPCs cells that incorporated EdU did not differ with metformin administration. (e) The cingulate cortex was immunolabelled against OLIG2 and CC1 to assess differentiation. Scale bar 20 µm. (f) The density of oligodendrocyte lineage cells (OLIG2⁺ cells) increased with metformin treatment. (g) Metformin increased the density of oligodendrocytes (CC1⁺OLIG2⁺ cells). Data are shown as mean ± SEM, with grey dots indicating individual animals. Statistics were calculated by unpaired two-tailed t-tests, n = 4 for each group.