Table 3.

Association of methylation at TXNIP-cg19693031 with diabetes-related and inflammatory biomarkers among monozygotic twins. The associations were examined in twin-specific models using individual deviation from the twin-pair average (within-pair effect) and twins-as-individual models

Phenotype	N	Within-pair methylation			Individual methylation
T2D-relevant traits		Beta	SE	p value	Beta	SE	p value
HbA1c (%)	162	−0.0843	0.0233	0.001	−0.0568	0.0142	1.57 × 10−4
Insulin (mIU/L)	163	1.42	0.658	0.04	−0.769	0.301	0.01
Glucose(mg/dL)	163	0.403	0.849	0.64	−1.55	0.466	0.001
waist Circumference (cm)	163	−0.188	0.183	0.31	−0.0236	0.102	0.82
Inflammatory biomarkers				p value*			p value*
ICAM-1 (ng/ml)	161	−9.27	2.87	0.002	−7.05	1.81	2.16 × 10−4
VCAM-1 (ng/ml)	161	−29.3	10.7	0.008	−26.6	5.15	2.13 × 10−6
MMP-2 (ng/ml)	161	−2.49	1.01	0.02	−2.47	0.584	7.14 × 10−5
P-selectin (ng/ml)	161	−2.13	0.687	0.003	−1.39	0.514	0.008
IL-6 (pg/mL)	158	−0.0162	0.0579	0.78	−0.0442	0.0314	0.16
High-sensitivity CRP (mg/L)	161	−0.0606	0.147	0.68	−0.0490	0.0634	0.44
sRAGE (pg/mL)	161	−15.4	9.87	0.12	−25.0	6.90	5.52 × 10−4
Fibrinogen (mg/dL)	152	−3.11	2.53	0.22	0.114	1.58	0.94
MMP-9 (ng/ml)	161	−5.22	4.59	0.26	−5.63	2.71	0.04

Note: T2D, type 2 diabetes. *Bonferroni correction for multiple testing was used (p value < .005). Bold type was used for significant p values (<.05 for T2D-relevant traits and <.005 for inflammatory biomarkers). The analysis each diabetes-related trait and inflammatory biomarker is adjusted for BMI, current smoking status, age and proportions of PBL subtypes (B cells, granulocytes, monocytes, NK cells and T cells). Phenotypes are displayed in the same order as in the Table 2. The effect size is based on 0.01 unit (1%) difference in DNA methylation.