Table 4.
Qualities of studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.
| Study name | Response | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Total | |
| Olagunju 2012 (9) | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | 7 |
| Parhami 2013 (10) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | 8 |
| Van Den Heuvel 2013 (11) | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | 6 |
| Leyro 2015 (12) | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | 6 |
| Levy 2019 (13) | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | 7 |
| Brown 2020 (14) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | 8 |
| Lang 2022 (15) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | 8 |
| Liu 2022 (16) | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | 6 |
| Ong 2022 (17) | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | 7 |
| Wanjala 2022 (18) | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | 6 |
Keys
Q1–Q9 represent questions used to assess the quality of included studies, which are listed below.
Q1: Was the sample frame appropriate to address the target population?
Q2: Were study participants sampled in an appropriate way?
Q3: Was the sample size adequate?
Q4: Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail?
Q5: Was the data analysis conducted with sufficient coverage of the identified sample?
Q6: Were valid methods used for the identification of the condition?
Q7: Was the condition measured in a standard, reliable way for all participants?
Q8: Was there appropriate statistical analysis?
Q9: Was the response rate adequate, and if not, was the low response rate managed appropriately?
Y, yes; N, no; U, unclear; NA, not applicable.