. 2024 Feb 5;11:1345371. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1345371

TABLE 4.

Volatile compounds identified in the headspace of six samples analysed by SPME GC-MS.

Compounds	LRI^a	Aroma descriptor^b	Estimated quantities^c						Significance (p-value)^d
			A	B	C	D	E	F
Esters
Methyl acetate	515	Sweet	1.57^bc	1.17^c	3.73^a	2.17^abc	3.56^a ^b	1.08^c	0.001
Methyl propanoate	629	Fruity, rum	8.49^a	6.28^a ^b	2.62^b	6.36^a ^b	8.55^a	7.06^a	0.003
Methyl butanoate	720	Fruity, creamy	11.37^a	7.74^a ^b	4.76^b	9.52^a ^b	12.82^a	9.46^a ^b	0.013
Methyl 2-methylbutanoate	775	Fruity	5.46^a	5.56^a	2.12^b	4.57^a ^b	5.21^a ^b	3.60^a ^b	0.020
Aldehydes
2-Methylpropanal	552	Wet cereal, straw	1.21^bc	0.70^c	2.48^a ^b	1.24^bc	2.87a^a	1.37^abc	0.002
3-Methylbutanal	649	Fruity	6.29^b	2.35^b	15.10^a	7.08^b	14.40^a	2.34^b	<0.0001
2-Methylbutanal	659	Cocoa	5.11^bcd	2.39^cd	10.06^a ^b	6.10^bc	7.77^a ^b	1.93^d	<0.0001
Hexanal	802	Green	94.29^c	31.76^d	207.09^b	54.71^cd	40.86^cd	316.31^a	<0.0001
2-Hexenal	853	Green	nd^c	nd^c	1.13^b	nd^c	nd^c	1.89^a	<0.0001
Furfural	836	Bready	nd^a	nd^a	2.65^a	11.96^a	nd^a	nd^a	0.163
Heptanal	903	Green	3.05^cd	1.59^d	6.39^a	5.75^a ^b	4.17^bc	6.65^a	<0.0001
(2E)-Heptenal	951	Green	nd^b	nd^b	2.37^b	23.52^a	5.92b	4.92^b	<0.0001
Benzaldehyde	959	Almond	1.38^b	1.26^b	2.12^a	0.92^bc	0.47^c	1.34^b	0.000
Octanal	1007	Fruit-like	nd^b	nd^b	2.97^a	nd^b	2.61^a	nd^b	<0.0001
Non-anal	1087	Rose-orange	nd^b	nd^b	5.10^a	nd^b	nd^b	nd^b	0.00
Ketones
Butanedione	593	Buttery	2.33^c	1.84^c	3.58^abc	5.35^a ^b	6.04^a	2.51^bc	0.001
2-Butanone	598	Sharp sweet	34.38^a ^b	20.47^bc	12.69^c	21.60^bc	42.90^a	25.24^abc	0.002
2-Methyl-3-pentanone	749	Mint	nd^c	6.87^a	3.21^c	nd^c	nd^c	nd^c	<0.0001
3 Methyl 2-butanone	661	Camphor	11.10^a	10.08^a	3.76^b	8.73^a ^b	11.72^a	9.10^a ^b	0.007
6-Methyl-5-hepten 2-one	787	Citrus, fruity	nd^b	nd^b	5.16^a	nd^b	nd^b	nd^b	<0.0001
Furans
2-Methylfuran	603	Chocolate	0.67^bc	0.16^c	1.26^b	0.94^bc	2.37^a	1.00^bc	<0.0001
3-Methylfuran	611		0.40^a	nd^b	0.32^a	nd^b	0.36^a	0.27^a ^b	0.000
2-Ethylfuran	700	Malty, beany	4.53^b	0.57^d	2.66^cd	0.45^d	1.74^cd	6.18^a	<0.0001
2-Pentyl furan	992	Fruity, green	15.50^b	2.46^c	12.62^b	4.55^c	3.88^c	33.23^a	<0.0001
Alkanes
Octane	800	Gasoline	12.66^c	132.70^a	6.32^c	49.52^b	120.59^a	32.43^bc	<0.0001
1-Octene	794	Gasoline	nd^c	nd^c	0.76^c	14.10^b	18.65^a	nd^c	<0.0001
(E)-2-Octene	804		nd^c	1.25^c	0.91^c	61.49^a	33.34^b	nd^c	<0.0001
(Z)-2-Octene	811		nd^b	1.17^b	1.08^b	31.06^a	30.96^a	nd^b	<0.0001
Terpenes
α-Pinene	739	Pine	1.88^b	186.64^a	1.78^b	0.34^b	nd^b	9.78^b	0.000
β-Pinene	978	Woody green, pine	nd^b	35.71^a	nd^b	nd^b	nd^b	0.51^b	<0.0001
Limonene	1034	Citrus	0.60^b	5.63^b	40.08^a	0.71^b	0.59^b	nd^b	0.037
Camphene	951	Woody	nd^b	16.411^a	nd^b	nd^b	nd^b	nd^b	<0.0001
Alcohols
Pentanol	763	fermented	9.77^bc	2.62^cd	12.15^d	4.76^cd	2.38^d	27.94^a	<0.0001
Hexanol	867	Herbal	4.08^b	nd^b	0.98^b	nd^b	nd^b	55.01^a	<0.0001
Octen-3-ol	969	Mushroom	0.88^a	2.72^abc	4.30^c	3.46^bc	2.29^a ^b	4.09^bc	<0.0001

^aLinear retention index on a HS-5MS column.

^bAromas obtained from TheGoodScents company, and PubChem.

^cEstimated quantities (ng) collected from the headspace of 3 mL of OMA sample calculated by comparison with 20 μl of 10 ppm 1,4-dichlorobenzene used as internal standard; means (from three replicate samples) not labelled with the same letter in a row were significantly different (p < 0.05); as determined by Tukey’s Honestly significant difference (at p = 0.05); nd, not detected.

^dSignificance of sample effect (p-value).