TABLE 1.

Examples of biomedical advances made with animals and animal models

https://www.faseb.org/resources/animals-in-research-and-education; https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine/

Year	Discovery	Species Used	Researcher(s) to Whom Nobel Prize Was Awarded
1881	Germ theory of disease	Sheep
1905	Studies of pathogenesis of tuberculosisa	Cow, sheep	R. Koch
1915	Blood transfusion	Dog
1923	Discovery of insulin and mechanism of diabetesa	Dog, rabbit, fish	F.G. Banting J.J.R. Macleod
1936	Chemical transmission of nerve impulsesa	Cat, frog, bird, reptile	O. Loewi H.H. Dale
1937	Heparin used as an anticoagulant	Dog, guinea pig, mouse, rabbit
1945	Discovery of penicillin and its curing various diseasesa	Mouse	A. Fleming E.B. Chain H.W. Forey
1955	Polio vaccine	Mouse, primates
1977	Smallpox eradicated in humans	Cow
1990	Organ transplant techniquesa	Dog	J.E. Murray E.D. Thomas
1996	Cloning of Dolly the sheep	Sheep
2008	Discovery of HIVa	Monkey, chimpanzee, mice	F. Barre-Sinoussi L. Montagnier
2008	Discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical canceraa	Hamster, mouse, cow	H. zur Hausen
2011	Antiretroviral drug therapy for HIV	Nonhuman primate
2013	CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing	Mouse
2015	Novel therapy for malariaa	Mouse, monkey	Y. Tu W.C. Campbell
2015	Novel therapy for infections from roundworm parasitesa	Mouse, dog, sheep, cattle, chicken, monkey	S. Omura
2017	Approval of CAR T-cell therapy for cancer	Mouse, nonhuman primate
2018	Gene therapy for humans and animals	Dogs
2018	Treatment of cancer by inhibition of negative regulation of immunitya	Mouse and murine cell lines	J.P. Allison T. Honjo
2019	Gene therapy for sickle cell anemia	Nonhuman primate
2019	Ebola vaccine	Mouse, nonhuman primate
2020	Discovery of hepatitis C virusa	Chimpanzee	H.J. Alter M. Houghton C.M. Rice
2020	COVID-19 vaccine	Hamster, ferret, llama, nonhuman primate

Cas9, CRISPR-associated protein 9; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.

^aIndicates Nobel Prize awarded.