Table 1.
Synthesis, physiochemical properties, secondary metabolites, and applications of moringa nanoparticles
| Metal NPs | Plant parts | Synthesis method | Secondary metabolites | Size (nm) | Shape | Zeta potential | Applications | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Silver NPs (AgNPs) | ||||||||
| AgNPs | Leaves | Green | – | 57 | Spherical | Antimicrobial | [97] | |
| AgNPs | Leaves (freeze dried) | Green | Flavones, terpenoids and polysaccharides | 11 | Spherical | – | Antibacterial | [15] |
| AgNPs | Leaves (fresh) | Green | Flavones, terpenoids and polysaccharides | 9 | Spherical | – | Antimicrobial | [15] |
| AgNPs | Leaves | Green | – | 5–80 | Spherical | – | Optical limiting | [57] |
| AgNPs | Leaves | Green | – | 96.72 | Spherical | – | – | [58] |
| AgNPs | Leaves | Green | Phenolic compounds | 5–10 | Spherical | – | Antioxidant, cytotoxicity | [33] |
| AgNPs | Leaves | Green | Alkaloids, phytosterol, saponins, terpenoids | – | – | – | Antibacterial | [58] |
| AgNPs | Leaves | Green | Terpenoids, flavonoids and polysaccharides | 116.2 d.nm | Spherical or Polygonal | – | Antioxidant, Reduction in size of leishmaniasis | [34] |
| AgNPs | Leaves | Green | – | 1–56.9, 2–448.1, 3–4705 | – | – | Antimicrobial | [98] |
| AgNPs | Leaves | Green | – | 32 | Cubic | – | – | [59] |
| AgNPs | Leaves | Green | – | 20–40 | Spherical | – | Antimicrobial | [92] |
| AgNPs | Leaves | Green | – | 10–100 | Round | – | Cytotoxicity | [13] |
| AgNPs | Leaves | Green | – | 30 | Spherical | – | Antimicrobial | [63] |
| AgNPs | Leaves | Green | Flavonoid-kaempferol, phenolic-chlorogenic, tannins | 11–14.3 | Rod | – | Antibacterial | [35] |
| AgNPs | Leaves | Green | Flavonoids, phenolic compounds | 50 | Spherical and rectangular | – | Cytotoxicity | [36] |
| AgNPs | Leaves | Green | – | 95.12 | Spherical | – | – | [160] |
| AgNPs | Stem bark | Green | Terpenoids, flavonoids and polysaccharides | 40 | Spherical and Pentagon | – | Anticancer | [37] |
| AgNPs | Stem bark | Green | – | – | – | – | – | [60] |
| AgNPs | Seeds | Green | Chlorophyll a, b; carotenoids, phenol, flavonoids | 15.5 ± 4.2 | Spherical | – | Immobilization, modulators of heavy metals | [161] |
| AgNPs | Crude gum | Green | – | 60 | – | – | Antibacterial | [10] |
| AgNPs | Crude gum | Green | – | 9 | Spherical | – | Antimicrobial | [162] |
| AgNPs | Crude gum | Green | – | 50 | – | – | Antibacterial | [10] |
| AgNPs | Flower | Green | – | 273.98 | Spherical | – | – | [58] |
| AgNPs | Flower | Green | Flavonoids and phenolic compounds | 8 | Spherical | – | Antibacterial | [4] |
| AgNPs | Leaves | Green | – | – | – | −27 | Anticancer | [92] |
| AgNPs/AuNPs | Leaves | Green | – | 11–25 | Hexagonal, triangular and spherical | −36.7 | Anticancer | [92] |
| Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) | ||||||||
| AuNPs | Leaves | Green | – | – | – | −36.9 | Anticancer | [92] |
| AuNPs | Leaves | Green | – | 10–20 | Spherical | −25.3 | Antiproliferative, apoptosis | [65] |
| AuNPs | Leaves | Green | – | 20–60 | Spherical | −24.09 | Stability | [67] |
| AuNPs | Pod | Green | Alkaloid, terpenoids, flavonoid, phenols, tannins, saponins quinines, proteins | 40–80 | Distinct | – | Antibacterial, hepatoprotective | [64] |
| AuNPs | Gum | Green | – | 5–45 | Spherical | – | DNA protection | [66] |
| Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) | ||||||||
| ZnONPs | Leaves | Green | 52 | Spherical | – | Photocatalytic, antibacterial | [83] | |
| ZnONPs | Leaves | Green | Vitamins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids | 12.27–30.51 | – | – | Electrochemical activity | [42] |
| ZnONPs | Leaves | Green | – | 10.81 | Wurtzite | – | – | [85] |
| ZnONPs | Leaves | Green | – | 17.8 | Cubic | – | – | [85] |
| ZnONPs | Leaves | Green | Phenols and Amines | 10 | Irregular | – | Effective adsorption | [86] |
| ZnONPs | Leaves | Green | Phenolic compounds | 25 | Sphere | – | Antibacterial | [38] |
| ZnONPs | Flower | Green | – | 13.2 | – | – | Effective chelating agent | [84] |
| ZnONPs | Seed | Green | – | 13.2 | – | – | Effective chelating agent | [84] |
| ZnONPs | Crude gum | Green | – | 60 | – | – | Antibacterial | [10] |
| ZnONPs | Crude gum | Green | – | 60 | – | – | Antibacterial | [10] |
| Iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) | ||||||||
| FeONPs | Leaves | Green | Polyphenols | 30.5 | Non-spherical | – | Antioxidant, antibacterial | [78] |
| FeONPs | Leaves | Green | – | 37.3 | Non-spherical | – | Antioxidant, antibacterial, thermal properties | [78] |
| FeONPs | Leaves | Green | – | 82 ± 7 | Spherical rod | – | Antibacterial, photocatalytic activity | [75] |
| FeONPs | Leaves | Green | – | 15.01 ± 6.03 | Rod | – | Antibacterial | [76] |
| Titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) | ||||||||
| TiO2NPs | Leaves | Green | – | 12 | Tetragonal | – | – | [69] |
| TiO2NPs | Leaves | Green | – | 100 | Spherical | – | Wound healing | [70] |
| TiO2NPs | Seeds | Green | – | 90 | Spherical | – | Apoptosis and anti-inflammatory | [54] |